Unit 4: Chapter 12: The Circulatory System Flashcards
Define Anemia
A common blood disorder in which the blood contains fewer than normal healthy red blood cells.
Define Aneurysm
A bulge in an artery or heart chamber caused by a weakened area of the heart muscle or arterial wall.
Define Angioplasty
A surgical procedure used to open up a clogged artery.
Define Aorta
An artery that carries blood directly from the heart to other arteries.
Define Arrhythmia
An irregularity in the speed or rhythm of the heartbeat.
Define Arteriosclerosis
General term for several conditions in which the walls of arteries thicken and lose their elasticity.
Define Atherosclerosis
A condition in which fatty deposits, calcium, and fibrous tissues build up on the inside of artery walls, causing the artery to narrow; causes decrease in blood flow and increase in blood pressure.
Define Atrioventricular (AV) Node
The specialized heart cells near the junction of the atria and ventricles that cause the ventricles to contract.
Define Atrioventricular Valve
A valve in the heart between the ventricle and atrium.
Define Blood
The bodily fluid in which blood cells are suspended.
Define Blood Pressure
The force that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels.
Define Blood Vessel
A hollow tube that carries blood to and from body tissues.
Define Cardiac Circulation
The movement of blood through the heart tissues.
Define Cardiac Output
The volume of blood pumped out by the heart in mL/min.
Define Circulatory System
The system that transports blood, nutrients, and waste around the body.
Define Closed Circulatory System
A circulatory sytem in which the circulating blood is contained within vessels and kept separate from the interstitial fluid.
Define Congenital Heart Defect
A heart defect that is present from birth.
Define Coronary Bypass
A surgical procedure in which blood flow is re-routed around blocked arteries.
Define Diastolic Pressure
The pressure generated in the circulatory system when the ventricles fill with blood.
Define Electrocardiogram (ECG)
A record of the electrical impulses generated by a beating heart.
Define Heart
The muscular organ that pumps blood via the circulatory system to the lungs and body.
Define Hemophilia
An inherited disorder in which the blood does not clot normally.
Define Hemorrhagic Stroke
A stoke caused by the bursting of a blood vessel in the brain, which causes blood to leak into the surrounding brain tissue.
Define Ischemic Stroke
A stroke caused by a clot in a blood vessel, blocking blood flow to the brain.
Define Leukemia
Cancer of the white blood cells.
Define Nanotechnology
Technology that uses microscopic structures on the scale of molecules.
Define Open Circulatory System
A circulatory system in which vessels open into the animal’s body cavity.
Define Pacemaker
A device that sends electrical impulses that control the rate of the heartbeat.
Define Pulmonary Artery
The large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs.
Define Pulmonary Circulation
The path that blood follows from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
Define Pulmonary Vein
The blood vessel that carries blood from the lungs to the heart.
Define Semilunar Valve
A valve between the ventricle and the large arteries; it carries blood away from the heart.
Define Sinoatrial (SA) Node
The modified heart cells in the right atrium that spontaneously generate the rhythmic signals that cause the atria to contract.
Define Sphygmomanometer
A medical device used to measure blood pressure.
Define Stroke Volume
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat.
Define Systemic Circulation
The path that blood follows from the heart to the body and back to the heart.
Define Systolic Pressure
The pressure generated in the circulatory system when the ventricles contract and push blood from the heart.
Define Vasoconstriction
The narrowing of the blood vessels.
Define Vasodilation
The widening of the blood vessels.
Define Xenotransplant
A transplant of tissues and organs from one species to another.
What is a common blood disorder in which the blood contains fewer than normal healthy red blood cells known as?
Anemia
What is a bulge in an artery or heart chamber caused by a weakened area of the heart muscle or arterial wall known as?
Aneurysm
What is a surgical procedure used to open up a clogged artery known as?
Angioplasty
What is an artery that carries blood directly from the heart to other arteries known as?
Aorta
What is an irregularity in the speed or rhythm of the heartbeat known as?
Arrhythmia
What is general term for several conditions in which the walls of arteries thicken and lose their elasticity known as?
Arteriosclerosis
What is a condition in which fatty deposits, calcium, and fibrous tissues build up on the inside of artery walls, causing the artery to narrow and causes a decrease in blood flow and an increase in blood pressure known as?
Athersclerosis
What are the specialized heart cells near the junction of the atria and ventricles that cause the ventricles to contract known as?
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
What is a valve in the heart between the ventricle and atrium known as?
Atrioventricular Valve
What is the force that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels known as?
Blood Pressure
What is the bodily fluid in which blood cells are suspended known as?
Blood
What is a hollow tube that carries blood to and from body tissues known as?
Blood Vessel
What is the movement of blood through the heart tissues known as?
Cardiac Circulation
What is the volume of blood pumped out by the heart in mL/min known as?
Cardiac Output
What is the system that transports blood, nutrients, and waste around the body known as?
Circulatory System
What is a circulatory sytem in which the circulating blood is contained within vessels and kept separate from the interstitial fluid known as?
Closed Circulatory System
What is a heart defect that is present from birth known as?
Congenital Heart Defect
What is a surgical procedure in which blood flow is re-routed around blocked arteries known as?
Coronary Bypass
What is the pressure generated in the circulatory system when the ventricles fill with blood known as?
Diastolic Pressure
What is a record of the electrical impulses generated by a beating heart known as?
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
What is the muscular organ that pumps blood via the circulatory system to the lungs and body known as?
Heart
What is an inherited disorder in which the blood does not clot normally known as?
Hemophilia
What is a stoke caused by the bursting of a blood vessel in the brain, which causes blood to leak into the surrounding brain tissue known as?
Hemorrhagic Stroke
What is a stroke caused by a clot in a blood vessel, blocking blood flow to the brain known as?
Ischemic Stroke
What is cancer of the white blood cells known as?
Leukemia
What is technology that uses microscopic structures on the scale of molecules known as?
Nanotechnology
What is a circulatory system in which vessels open into the animal’s body cavity known as?
Open Circulatory System
What is a device that sends electrical impulses that control the rate of the heartbeat known as?
Pacemaker
What is the large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs known as?
Pulmonary Artery
What is the path that blood follows from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart known as?
Pulmonary Circulation
What is the blood vessel that carries blood from the lungs to the heart known as?
Pulmonary Vein
What is a valve between the ventricle and the large arteries known as?
Semilunar Valve
What are the modified heart cells in the right atrium that spontaneously generate the rhythmic signals that cause the atria to contract known as?
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
What is a medical device used to measure blood pressure known as?
Sphygmomanometer
What is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat known as?
Stroke Volume
What is the path that blood follows from the heart to the body and back to the heart known as?
Systemic Circulation
What is the pressure generated in the circulatory system when the ventricles contract and push blood from the heart known as?
Systolic Pressure
What is the narrowing of the blood vessels known as?
Vasoconstriction
What is the widening of the blood vessels known as?
Vasodilation
What is a transplant of tissues and organs from one species to another known as?
Xenotransplant
The circulatory system transports _____, _____, and _____ throughout the entire body.
The circulatory system transports gases, nutrients, and wastes throughout the entire body.
The three majors components of the circulatory system are the _____, _____, and _____.
The three majors components of the circulatory system are the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Mammals have a closed circulatory system, meaning that the circulating _____ is contained within _____ and kept seperate from _____ fluid.
Mammals have a closed circulatory system, meaning that the circulating blood is contained within vessels and kept seperate from interstitial fluid.
The mammalian heart is made up of _____ chambers- _____ upper chambers called the _____, and _____ bottom chambers called the _____.
The mammalian heart is made up of four chambers- two upper chambers called the atria and two bottom chambers called the ventricles.
The two main functions of _____ are to transport materials throughout the body, and to help maintain a steady body temperature.
The two main functions of blood are to transport materials throughout the body, and to help maintain a steady body temperature.
The heartbeat is triggered by an electrical signal generated by the _____, and transmitted by the _____.
The heartbeat is triggered by an electrical signal generated by the sinoatrial (SA) node, and transmitted by the atrioventricular (AV) node.
Doctors use a _____ to listen to sounds made by the heart. Variations in the normal heart sound indicate possible problems.
Doctors use a stethoscope to listen to sounds made by the heart. Variations in the normal heart sound indicate possible problems.
Blood pressure is measured using a _____, and consists of two different readings- the maximum pressure exerted on the vessel walls is the _____ pressure, and the lowest pressure exerted is the _____ pressure.
Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer, and consists of two different readings- the maximum pressure exerted on the vessel walls is the systolic pressure, and the lowest pressure exerted is the diastolic pressure.
_____ output and _____ volume are used as indicators of cardiovascular fitness.
Cardiac output and stroke volume are used as indicators of cardiovascular fitness.
Cardiovascular fitness is the capacity of the _____, _____, and _____ to deliver oxygen to working muscles during prolonged physical activity.
Cardiovascular fitness is the capacity of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to working muscles during prolonged physical activity.
_____ is a general term for a group of conditions in which the artery walls thicken and lose their elastic properties.
Arteriosclerosis is a general term for a group of conditions in which the artery walls thicken and lose their elastic properties.
The most common type of arteriosclerosis is _____, or the build-up of plaque on the artery walls, which causes over _____ percent of heart attacks.
The most common type of arteriosclerosis is atherosclerosis, or the build-up of plaque on the artery walls, which causes over 90 percent of heart attacks.
_____ and _____ are two common surgical treatments for atheriosclerosis.
Angioplasty and coronary bypass are two common surgical treatments for atheriosclerosis.
Technologies for diagnosing disorders of the _____ system include chest X rays, angiography, cardiac catheterization, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram (ECHO), CT scan, and MRI.
Technologies for diagnosing disorders of the circulatory system include chest X rays, angiography, cardiac catheterization, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram (ECHO), CT scan, and MRI.
_____, _____, and _____ are three common blood disorders. They are treated in various ways, including blood transfusion.
Hemophilia, leukemia, and anemia are three common blood disorders. They are treated in various ways, including blood transfusion.
Explain how hemolymph in the open circulatory system of an insect moves through its body.
In an open circulatory system such as that of an insect, hemolymph is pumped through a single vessel by tubular hearts, and is then pushed from one open space or chamber to the next by muscle contractions.
What are the three main functions of the circulatory system?
Main functions of the circulatory system: (1) transport gases (from the respiratory system), nutrient molecules, and waste materials (from the digestive system); (2) regulate the internal temperature and transport chemical substances that are vital to health from one part of the body to the other; (3) protect against blood loss from injury and against disease-causing microbes or toxic substances introduced into the body.
What is the main difference between open and closed circulatory system?
In an open circulatory system, vessels open into the animal’s body cavity, whereas in a closed circulatory system the circulating blood is contained within vessels and kept separate from the interstitial fluid.
If the left ventricle was not able to pump blood properly, what effect would this have on the lungs?
Since the right ventricle sends blood to the lungs and the left ventricle sends blood into the rest of the body, an improperly working left ventricle would not have any effect on the lungs.
Describe the oxygen content (O2-rich or O2-poor) of the blood in each of the four chambers of the heart.
right atrium: O2-poor
right ventricle: O2-poor
left atrium: O2-rich
left ventricle: O2-poor
Describe the destination of the blood leaving each of the four chambers of the heart.
right atrium: blood going to right ventricle
right ventricle: blood going to lungs
left atrium: blood going to left ventricle
left ventricle: blood going to body
Explan why veins have valves.
Veins have valves to allow blood to flow only toward the heart when open, and to prevent the backward flow of blood when closed.
Do all arteries carry oxygen-rich blood and all veins carry oxygen-poor blood? Explain your answer.
Because blood in the pulmonary arteries is oxygenpoor, but blood in the pulmonary veins is oxygen-rich, it is incorrect to say that all arteries carry blood high in oxygen and all veins carry blood low in oxygen.
Describe one function of each of the three main types of blood vessels.
Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. Veins carry oxygen-poor blood towards the heart. Capillaries allow for the exchange of materials between the circulatory system and the cells of the body.
When a person exercises, one of the physiological responses is an increase in blood flow. In terms of the circulatory system, describe what is happening.
As the muscles work, they use up energy and generate waste products, such as carbon dioxide. At the same time, there is a greater need for oxygen to generate the needed energy. The increased blood flow helps the lungs exchange more oxygen and release the carbon dioxide carried by the blood.
Compare an artery with a vein structurally.
Arteries have thicker walls then do veins; veins are less elastic than arteries; veins have a larger inner circumference than arteries.
Provide details about the three main components of blood.
The three main components of blood are: plasma; white bloods cells and platelets; and red blood cells. Plasma, the liquid portion of blood, consists of water with dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals, and waste products. Plasma makes up about 55% of blood volume. Th e solid component of blood that comprises the other 45% consists of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).
How does exercise help reduce high blood pressure?
Regular exercise helps keep arteries elastic, which ensures normal blood fl ow and normal blood pressure.
What is stenosis?
Stenosis is a narrowing in the opening of the heart valves or arteries that can result in the non-smooth (or turbulent) flow of blood.
What is the sinoatrial node, and why is it often called the pacemaker of the heart?
The SA node is a nerve bundle that stimulates atrial contraction and controls the heartbeat. It acts as the heart’s natural pacemaker because its self-firing mechanism generates electrical signals at regular intervals, which automatically repeats a cycle of fi ring, relaxing, and firing.
Predict what a blood pressure reading of 80/120 might indicate.
Th e ratio of 2:3 is quite dissimilar to the normal 3:2 ratio for systolic/diastolic. Th e 80 reading might indicate that the maximum pressure is not being achieved when the ventricles contract, meaning that not enough blood is being pumped from the heart. Th is individual might experience dizziness and a feeling of being cold. Th e 120 reading might indicate that the heart has not completely relaxed and has not yet reached its lowest point. Th is individual might experience hyperactivity and a feeling of being overheated.
Identify two causes of high blood pressure. Describe a treatment you could use to lower your blood pressure if it was too high.
Answers could include any two of the following: genetics, activity, stress, body temperature, diet, and medications. Treatments could include exercise, better diet, or blood pressure medications.
Why is plaque a health risk if it occurs in arteries that supply the brain?
When arteries supplying blood to the brain are clogged with plaque (fatty deposits), this cuts off the flow of oxygen and nutrients to brain tissue, increasing the risk of a stroke.
Why is it important to treat an aneurysm as soon as it is diagnosed?
Blood pressure causes the aneurysm to grow larger over time, with an increasing risk of bursting. If the aneurysm bursts, there will be internal bleeding that can quickly lead to death.
Aortic stenosis is a condition in which the aortic valve has become narrowed or constricted and does not open and close properly. Describe how this condition affects the heart’s ability to pump blood.
In aortic stenosis, the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle is reduced. As a result, the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases and blood backs up into the lungs.
Describe three procedures used to repair the heart.
(1) Angioplasty is a surgical procedure used to open a clogged artery and to place a stent in the artery to prevent further blockage. (2) Coronary bypass surgery is used to re-route the blood flow by creating new pathways for the blood to flow between the aorta and the blocked arteries. (3) Valve replacement is the use of animal or human sources, or synthetic materials, to either repair or replace fused or damaged valves.
Explain how a surgeon might distinguish between the two types of strokes using MRI scans.
An ischemic stroke is caused by a clot in a blood vessel. A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and the blood f ows into the surrounding brain tissue. Using an MRI scan, a clot in a blood vessel (ischemic stroke) could easily be distinguished from a rupture (hemorrhagic stroke) because the excess blood could be identified.
What is an exercise electrocardiogram, by what other name is it commonly known, and why might a doctor or other medical professional order such a test for a patient?
An exercise cardiogram is also known as a cardiac stress test. An exercise ECG is usually performed to diagnose the cause of chest pain, irregular heartbeats, dizziness, or fatigue.
Explain why an open circulatory system is well suited to the metabolic needs of an insect.
The body cavity in an insect is very small, which means that the blood does not have far to circulate. As the respiratory and circulatory systems are separate, even a very active insect can meet its oxygen requirements despite its relatively slow circulation.
The human circulatory system includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels. Some of the structures involved in the circulation of blood are listed below. In what order does blood entering the heart pass through these structures?
A. pulmonary arteries
B. right atrium
C. right ventricle
D. vena cava
d. vena cava; b. right atrium; c. right ventricle; and a. pulmonary arteries
Identify three key functions of the proteins and the salts in plasma.
Proteins:
- Maintain fluid balance in plasma, in cells, and in spaces between cells
- Help maintain slightly alkaline pH
- Fibrinogen helps with blood clotting
- Globulins (antibodies) strengthen immunity
Salts:
- Maintain fluid balance in plasma, in cells, and in spaces between cells
- Help maintain slightly alkaline pH
- Assists in nerve and muscle function
Explain how the function of the erythrocyte is related to its biconcave shape.
The biconcave shape of an erythrocyte increases the surface area available for gas exchange, and the lack of a nucleus makes these cells smaller and more flexible as they travel through the body tissues.
The range of the number of red blood cells in men is 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microlitre (µL) and in women the range is 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/µL. What might be some reasons for this difference?
Men are usually taller and weigh more than the average woman. Since men’s bones are therefore longer and bigger, more red blood cells could be manufactured in the bone marrow.
Why is it important for a patient who has a leaky heart valve to have the valve replaced?
The heart has to work harder to compensate for the backflow of blood through the valve, so having a leaky heart valve could result in heart failure in some patients.
Analyze how the structure of an artery is related to its function.
An artery has three different structural layers. The outer layer is a covering of connective tissue mixed with a few elastic fibres. The thickest middle layer is composed of alternating bands of elastic fibres and smooth muscle. The inner layer, only one single cell thick, reduces the friction of the blood as it flows through. The elasticity of the walls of the artery allows expansion and contraction as blood flows through and also adds to the pumping motion that forces the blood through the vessels, as is evidenced in your pulse.
Summarize some of the basic functions of a mammal’s circulatory system.
Some of the basic functions of a mammal’s circulatory system are:
(1) it transports gases (from the respiratory system), nutrient molecules, and waste materials (from the digestive system)
(2) it regulates internal temperature and transports chemical substances that are vital to health from one part of the body to the other
(3) it protects against blood loss from injury and against disease-causing microbes or toxic substances introduced into the body