Unit 1, Chapter 3: Multicellular Diversity Flashcards
Which group exhibits radial symmetry?
Sponges
Crustaceans
Mammals
Cnidarians
Tetrapods
Cnidarians
Which is an arthropod?
Bullfrog
Centipede
Coral
Octopus
Sea Star
B
What is true about an insect skeleton?
It is an endoskeleton made of cartilage.
It is an endoskeleton made of chitin.
It is an exoskeleton made of cellulose.
It is an exoskeleton made of chitin.
It is an exoskeleton made of cartilage.
It is an exoskeleton made of chitin.
Which class of vertebrates is hypothesized to be most closely related to reptiles?
Cartilaginous Fish
Bony Fish
Amphibians
Birds
Mammals
Birds
Which of the following have eggs that have a shell covering?
Monotremes and Placental Mammals
Reptiles and Plancental Mammals
Birds and Reptiles
Marsupials and Amphibians
Amphibians and Reptiles
Birds and Reptiles
Which is an alga?
Clam
Hydra
Millipede
Rockweed
Sea Urchin
Rockweed
Identify the larger, longer-lasting, dominant form in bryophytes.
Haploid Gametophyte
Haploid Sporophyte
Diploid Gametophyte
Diploid Sporophyte
Diploid Zygote
Haploid Gametophyte
What is the name of a muchroom’s spore-producing reproductive structure?
Diploid Zygote
Mycelium
Fruiting Body
Hyphae
Bud
Fruiting Body
DIstinguish among the cells of plants, fungi, and animals by reference to cell walls.
Plant cell walls are made primarily of cellulose. Fungal cell walls are made primarily of chitin. Animal cells do not have cell walls.
Identify the main characteristic that distinguishes invertebrates from vertebrates. How many of the animal kingdom’s phyla are invertebrates?
The main characteristic that distinguishes these two groups is the presence or absence of a backbone. Animals without backbones are invertebrates, whereas those with backbones are vertebrates. All but one (34/35) animal phyla are made entirely of invertebrates.
Identify two features that birds and mammals have in common.
Both birds and mammals are endothermic (they maintain their internal temperature) and they have a four-chambered heart.
Why was segmentation an important development in the evolution of complex animals?
Animals could suffer some damage to one segment and still a have additional segments. Different segments allowed for mobility. Different segments have legs, so that in combination they can move the organism more efficiently.
Why is it difficult to distinguish plants from algae even though they are classed in different kingdoms?
They are both multicellular, photosynthetic organisms that in some cases look superficially similar. Plants evolved from algae so it is difficult to define where one group stops and the next group begins.
Clarify the difference between a spore and a seed. GIve an example of plants that use each.
Spore – A haploid reproductive structure that can produce a new organism without fertilization. Examples are bryophytes, club mosses, horsetails, ferns.
Seed – A diploid reproductive structure of plants made up of an embryo, stored food, and a tough outer coat. Examples are gymnosperms and angiosperms (corn, beans, maples).
Identify the safety precautions you would take if you were handling and observing live, unknown specimens of mould in a laboratory. Explain why you would take these precautions.
I would wear a mask to prevent inhalation of spores and wear gloves to protect hands from toxins.
You are examining a free-living animal using a dissecting microscope. You observe that it has a thin, solid body with two surfaces. You note that it has a thin, solid body with two surfaces. You note that it has an eye-spot with a distinct head, and it displays bilateral symmetry. Into which invertebrate group would you place this animal? Justify your answer.
Platyheminthes – bilateral, flat (not segmented), no coelom, cephalized.
Compare and contrast monocot and dicot plants.
The more complex members of the different kingdoms, especially angiosperm plants, birds, and mammals, are found in more recent fossil layers. Explain why this occurs. If more complex organisms appeared in older rock layers, and more simple organisms in younger layers, what would that suggest about theories of changes in diversity.
Complexity has increased over time. If complexity came before simplicity, rather than the other way around, it would be a major challenge to the idea of evolution.
In what ways have wings been anadaptive advantage for insects?
They can travel farther to get food.
Suppose you had a packet of unlabelled plant seeds. Describe two ways that you could determine if they were monocots or dicots.
One way would be to dissect the seeds to count whether there were one or two cotyledons. Another way would be to plant the seeds and see what grew (and whether it had flower parts in threes or multiples of three for monocots, or perhaps whether it had parallel leaf veins as in monocots).
Which of the following is anadaptation plants required before they could permanently inhabit terrestrial environments?
Cell Walls
Cells with Chlorophyll a
Cells with Chlorophyll b
A System To Transport Water And Dissolved Substances
The Ability To Store Food Energy In The Form Of Starch
A System To Transport Water And Dissolved Substances
Which of these is an example of a non-vascular plant?
Fern
Liverwort
Horestail
Pine Tree
Dandelion
Liverwort
Which statement about seeds is false?
Seeds allow plants to reproduce sexually without neading water.
Seeds allow protection against harsh environmental conditions.
Seeds can develop into root-like structures called rhizoids.
Seeds can survive without water for many years.
Seeds can be dispersed by different means.
Seeds can develop into root-like structures called rhizoids.
At one time, fungi were included in the plant kingdom. Although fungi look like plants, they are more closely related to animals than they are to plants. What is one characteristic of fungi that clearly seperates them from all plants?
Some fungi develop a mycelium.
Some fungi can reproduce by producing spores.
Fungi are sessile.
Fungi are heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms.
Fungal cells have cell walls.
Fungi are heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms.
Which statement about animals is true?
All members of the animal kingdom have a coelom.
All members of the animal kingdom are composed of only two cell layers.
All members of the animal kingdom have segmented bodies.
All members of the animal kingdom are heterotrophic.
All members of the animal kingdom use sexual reproduction only.
All members of the animal kingdom are heterotrophic.
What separates vertebrate animals from invertebrate animals?
Vertebrate animals have a spinal cord, while invertebrates lack this structure.
Vertebrate animals are heterotrophic, while some invertebrates are autotrophic.
All vertebrate animals are ectothermic, while all invertebrate animals are endothermic.
Vertebrate animals are all carnivores, while invertebrates reproduce by laying eggs.
Vertebrate animals all bear live young, while most invertebrates reproduce by laying eggs.
Vertebrate animals have a spinal cord, while invertebrates lack this structure.
Which group of vertebrate animals remains partially tied to aquatic ecosystems?
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fish
Amphibians
Identify the group of plants that best matches the following description.
These plants grow closely packed together in mats on rocks or soil. The most obvious stage in this group’s life cycle is the haploid, gametophyte generation. Plants in this group never form xylem tissue.
Bryophytes
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Seedless Vascular Plants
Angiosperms
Bryphytes
Which group of organisms are the main producers found in most aquatic food chains?
Algae
Slime Moulds
Protozoans
Amoebas
Mushrooms
Algae
List the evolutionary evidence linking green algae to land plants.
Both contain chlorophyll a and b, cellulose cell walls, store energy as starch, and have similar DNA sequences.
Angiosperms are found worldwide and include the greatest number of known plant species. Identify, describe, and evaluate the characteristics of species in this division that contribute significantly to their ability to thrive in a variety of ecosystems. Explain you choices.
Angiosperms have flowers to attract pollinators and increase diversity. They have seeds in fruit to obtain nutrients and be protected. Fruit also increase chance that a plant will be transported to a new area. They also contain vascular tissue. Some dicots can increase in width from year to year (create wood) which allows them to grow taller and obtain more sunlight.
Explain why some scientists think that classifying lichens in a single kingdom is impossible.
They are composite organisms made of a fungus and a photosynthetic organism.
Infer how the development of the seed might have affected the lives of herbivorous animals living in Earth’s ancient forests.
It increased food sources and caused larger plants.
Synapta maculata is an invertebrate animal that lives in tropical marine ecosystems. It has a spiny endoskeleton and a water vascular system. Its large tube feet make it look prickly. Based on this information, identify the phylum in which these animals belong. Explain you answer.
Echinodermata- endoskeleton, water vascular system
Members of the Class Malacostraca have a primitive body plan that is divided into three segments. In most of these species, there is a pair of jointed appendages in each body segment. They also have a hard, calcified exoskeleton. The 25 000 species of malacostracans are distributed worldwide in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. Based on this information, identify the phylum in which these animals belong. Explain why you placed them where you did.
Arthropoda- jointed appendages, exoskeleton
Ornithorhynchus anatinus is a semi-aquatic animal found only in eastern Australia. The female lays eggs and does not have nipples. However, the offspring obtain milk from patches on her abdomen. This species has a bill, webbed feet, and flattened tail, and its body is covered in hard. Based on this information, identify the class of vertebrate this species belong to and explain why you placed it in this class.
Mammal- makes milk, has hair
Explain why biodiversity is important in maintaining viable ecosystems.
The more biodiverse an ecosystem is, the more resilient it is to disturbance.
Define Alga (plural algae)
A unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic, aquatic organism.
Define Angiosperm
A vascular plant with seeds enclosed in protective tissue.
Define Ascus (plural asci)
A small finger-like structure in which sac fungi develop spores.
Define Basidium (plural basidia)
A club-shaped hypha found in members of the Basidiomycotes; they bear spores called basidiospores.
Define Bilateral Symmetry
A body plan that can be divided along one plane, through the central axis, into equal halves.
Define Bryophyte
A small, non-vascular land plant; the formal name Bryophyta is reserved for the mosses, one group of bryophytes.
Define Cartilage
The flexible, non-bony, tough material found in vertebrate endoskeletons.
Define Coelom
A fluid-filled body cavity that provides space for the development and suspension of organs and organ systems.
Define Cone
A gymnosperm structure that contains male or female reproduction parts.
Define Dicot
A major cluster of flowering plants that have two cotyledons.
Define Ectothermy
The reliance on environmental heat for determining internal body temperature.
Define Embryo
An organism’s early pre-birth stage of development.
Define Endothermy
The use of metabolic heat to maintain a high, constant body temperature.
Define Exoskeleton
An external skeleton that protects organs, provides support for muscle attachment, and protects againts water loss and predation.
Define Flower
A collection of structures in angiosperms used for reproduction.
Define Fruit
A mature ovary of a flower that protects and disperses dormant seeds.
Define Fruiting Body
The spore-producing reproductive structure in fungi.
Define Fungus (plural fungi)
A stationary, heterotrophic eukaryotic organism whose cell walls contain chitin.
Define Gametophyte
The haploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces gametes by mitosis.
Define Gymnosperm
A vascular plant with non-enclosed seeds.
Define Hypha (plural hyphae)
A multicellular, thread-like filament that makes up the basic structural unit of a fungus.
Define Invertebrate
An animal that does not have a backbone.
Define Lichen
An organism that results from a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic plant or alga.
Define Mammary Gland
A mammalian gland that produces and secretes milk for nourishing developing young.
Define Mantle
A membrane that surrounds a mollusc’s internal organs.
Define Medusa
The umbrella-shaped, free-swimming body form of cnidarians.
Define Monocot
A major cluster of flowering plants that have one cotyledon.
Define Mycelium (plural mycelia)
A complex, net-like mass made of branching hyphae.
Define Notochord
A flexible, rod-shaped structure found in chordate animals; during vertebrate development it is replaced by the spine.
Define Placenta
An organ in the pregnant uterus that exchanges nutrients and oxygen between the mother and the developing offspring.
Define Plant
A multicellular photosynthetic eukaryote with cellulose-based cell walls.
Define Polyp
The tube-shaped sessile body form of cnidarians.
Define Radial Symmetry
A body plan that can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into roughly equal halves
Define Segmentation
The division of multicellular bodies into a series of repetitive parts.
Define Sporic Reproduction
Sexual reproduction that alternates between a gamete-making individual and a spore-making individual.
Define Sporophyte
The diploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces spores by meiosis.
Define Tetrapod
A vertebrate with two pairs of limbs; an amphibian, reptile, bird, or mammal.
Define Vertebrate
An animal with an internal skeleton and a backbone.
Define Zygospore
A diploid structure that develops after two haploid hyphae of opposite types combine and fuse their nuclei; this structure is characteristic of zygospore fungi that reproduce sexually during unfavourable conditions.
What is a unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic, aquatic organism known as?
Alga (plura algae)
What is a vascular plant with seeds enclosed in protective tissue known as?
Angiosperm
What is a small finger-like structure in which sac fungi develop spores known as?
Ascus (plural asci)
What is a club-shaped hypha found in members of the Basidiomycotes known as?
Basidium (plural basidia)
What is a body plan that can be divided along one plane, through the central axis, into equal halves known as?
Bilateral Symmetry
What is a small, non-vascular land plant; the formal name Bryophyta is reserved for the mosses, one group of bryophytes known as?
Bryophyte
What is the flexible, non-bony, tough material found in vertebrate endoskeletons known as?
Cartilage
What is a fluid-filled body cavity that provides space for the development and suspension of organs and organ systems known as?
Coelom
What is a gymnosperm structure that contains male or female reproduction parts known as?
Cone
What is a major cluster of flowering plants that have two cotyledons known as?
Dicot
What is the reliance on environmental heat for determining internal body temperature known as?
Ectothermy
What is an organism’s early pre-birth stage of development known as?
Embryo
What is the use of metabolic heat to maintain a high, constant body temperature known as?
Endothermy
What is an external skeleton that protects organs, provides support for muscle attachment, and protects againts water loss and predation known as?
Exoskeleton
What is a collection of structures in angiosperms used for reproduction known as?
Flower
What is a mature ovary of a flower that protects and disperses dormant seeds known as?
Fruit
What is the spore-producing reproductive structure in fungi known as?
Fruiting Body
What is a stationary, heterotrophic eukaryotic organism whose cell walls contain chitin known as?
Fungus (plural fungi)
What is the haploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces gametes by mitosis known as?
Gametophyte
What is a vascular plant with non-enclosed seeds known as?
Gymnosperm
What is a multicellular, thread-like filament that makes up the basic structural unit of a fungus known as?
Hypha (plural hyphae)