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Grade 11 - SBI3U > Unit 2, Chapter 4: Cell Division and Reproduction > Flashcards

Unit 2, Chapter 4: Cell Division and Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Define Genetics

A

The study of heredity and variation of living organisms and how genetic information is passed from one generation to the next.

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2
Q

What is the study of heredity and variation of living organisms and how genetic information is passed from one generation to the next known as?

A

Genetics

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3
Q

Define Somatic Cell

A

A plant or animal cell that forms the body of the organism; excludes reproductive cells.

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4
Q

What is a plant or animal cell that forms the body of the organism (excludes reproductive cells) known as?

A

Somatic Cell

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5
Q

Define Chromosome

A

A structure in the nucleus that contains DNA.

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6
Q

What is a structure in the nucleus that contains DNA known as?

A

Chromosome

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7
Q

Define Sister Chromatid

A

One of two chromosomes that are genetically identical and held together at the centromere.

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8
Q

What is one of two chromosomes that are genetically identical and held together at the centromere known as?

A

Sister Chromatid

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9
Q

Define Centromere

A

The region where two sister chromatids are held together in a chromosome.

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10
Q

What is the region where two sister chromatids are held together in a chromosome known as?

A

Centromere

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11
Q

Define Spindle Fibre

A

A microtubule structure that facilitates the movement of chromosomes within a cell.

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12
Q

What is a microtubule structure that facilitates the movement of chromosomes within a cell known as?

A

Spindle Fibre

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13
Q

Define Centrosome

A

A structure that helps to form the spindle fibres.

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14
Q

What is a structure that helps to form the spindle fibres known as?

A

Centrosome

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15
Q

Define Genome

A

The complete DNA sequence of an organism.

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16
Q

What is the complete DNA sequence of an organism known as?

A

Genome

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17
Q

Define Homologous Chromosome

A

A chromosome that contains the same sequence of genes as another chromosome.

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18
Q

What is a chromosome that contains the same sequence of genes as another chromosome known as?

A

Homologous Chromosome

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19
Q

Define Gene

A

A part of a chromosome that governs the expression of a trait and is passed on to offspring; it has a specific DNA sequence.

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20
Q

What is a part of a chromosome that governs the expression of a trait and is passed on to offspring known as?

A

Gene

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21
Q

Define Allele

A

A different form of the same gene.

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22
Q

What is a different form of the same gene known as?

A

Allele

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23
Q

Define Karyotype

A

A photograph of pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell.

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24
Q

What is a photograph of pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell known as?

A

Karyotype

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25
Q

Define Sex Chromosome

A

An X or Y chromosome, which determines the genetic sex of an organism.

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26
Q

What is an X or Y chromosome, which determines the genetic sex of an organism, known as?

A

Sex Chromosome

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27
Q

Define Autosome

A

A chromosome that is not involved in determining the sex of an organism.

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28
Q

What is a chromosome that is not involved in determining the sex of an organism known as?

A

Autosome

29
Q

Define Asexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction that requires only one parent and produces genetically identical offspring.

30
Q

What is reproduction that requires only one parent and produces genetically identical offspring known as?

A

Asexual Reproduction

31
Q

Define Sexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction that requires two parents and produces genetically distinct offspring.

32
Q

What is reproduction that requires two parents and produces genetically distinct offspring known as?

A

Sexual Reproduction

33
Q

Define Gamete

A

A male or female reproductive cell.

34
Q

What is a male or female reproductive cell known as?

A

Gamete

35
Q

Define Zygote

A

A cell formed by the fusion of two gametes.

36
Q

What is a cell formed by the fusion of two gametes known as?

A

Zygote

37
Q

Define Fertilization

A

In humans, the joining of male and female haploid gametes.

38
Q

What is the joining of male and female haploid gametes known as in humans?

A

Fertilization

39
Q

Define Haploid

A

A cell that contains half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

40
Q

What is a cell that contains half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell known as?

A

Haploid

41
Q

Define Diploid

A

A cell that contains pairs of homologous chromosomes.

42
Q

What is a cell that contains pairs of homologous chromosomes known as?

A

Diploid

43
Q

Define Meiosis

A

The cellular process that produces cells containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

44
Q

What is the cellular process that produces cells containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell known as?

A

Meiosis

45
Q

Define Synapsis

A

The aligning of homologous chromosomes during prophase I in meiosis I.

46
Q

What is the aligning of homologous chromosomes during prophase I in meiosis I known as?

A

Synapsis

47
Q

Define Spermatogenesis

A

The process of producing male gametes (sperm) in mammals.

48
Q

What is the process of producing male gametes (sperm) in mammals known as?

A

Spermatogenesis

49
Q

Define Oogenesis

A

The process of producing female gametes (eggs) in mammals.

50
Q

What is the process of producing female gametes (eggs) in mammals known as?

A

Oogenesis

51
Q

Define Crossing Over

A

The exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of hnomologous chromosomes.

52
Q

What is the exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of hnomologous chromosomes known as?

A

Crossing Over

53
Q

Define Non-Disjunction

A

The failure of homologous chromosome pairs or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis.

54
Q

What is the failure of homologous chromosome pairs or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis known as?

A

Non-Disjunction

55
Q

Define Monosomy

A

The loss of a chromosome as a result of non-disjunction.

56
Q

What is the loss of a chromosome as a result of non-disjunction known as?

A

Monosomy

57
Q

Define Trisomy

A

The gain of an extra chromosome as a result of non-disjunction.

58
Q

What is the gain of an extra chromosome as a result of non-disjunction known as?

A

Trisomy

59
Q

What are the three stages in the cell cycle?

A

Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

60
Q

What is the longest stage of the ell cycle for the average cell?

A

Interphase

61
Q

Describe the appearance of a cell’s genetic material at prophase of mitosis.

A

At prophase, the cell’s chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Each chromosome exists as two copies of one chromosome, joined at a centromere.

62
Q

Some drugs that combat cancer inhibit mitosis. What effect might this have on healing times.

A

When mitosis is inhibited, healing times increase.

63
Q

You learned that the length of the cell cycle varies between cell types. Predict which of the three phases of the cell cycle varies, and provide an explanation for your answer.

A

Interphase would differ in length between cell types because cells have different functions that are carried out during interphase. Mitosis and cytokinesis are processes that would likely be consistent for all cell types.

64
Q

Describe the daughter cells that would be formed if during mitosis, all of the chromosomes lined up on one side of the equator insted of along the equator. Do you think either daughter cell would be viable. Explain your answer.

A

The daughter cells would either have twice a much DNA as a healthy cell, or no DNA. Neither cell would be viable. One would lack genetic material and the other would have too much to be able to survive.

65
Q

_____ (_____) cells divide to allow for the growth of the organism, to repair tissues and organs that have been damaged, and to replace dead or dying cells.

A

Somatic (body) cells divide to allow for the growth of the organism, to repair tissues and organs that have been damaged, and to replace dead or dying cells.

66
Q

The cell cycle is divided into three phases: _____, _____, and _____. _____ is divided into four phases: prophases, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

A

The cell cycle is divided into three phases: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Mitosis is divided into four phases: prophases, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

67
Q

Genes are sections of _____ that contain _____ information for the inheritance of specific traits. Different forms of the same gene are called _____.

A

Genes are sections of DNA that contain genetic information for the inheritance of specific traits. Different forms of the same gene are called alleles.

68
Q

Chromosomes in human somatic cells are organized into _____ pairs. One pair is the sex chromosomes, which determine the sex of the individual. The other _____ pairs are the autosomes. A _____ is used to analyze chromosomes in a cell.

A

Chromosomes in human somatic cells are organized into 23 pairs. One pair is the sex chromosomes, which determine the sex of the individual. The other 22 pairs are the autosomes. A karyotype is used to analyze chromosomes in a cell.

69
Q

List the three foundational statements of the cell theory.

A

All living things are composed of one or more cells.

Cells are the smalles units of living organisms.

New cells come only from pre-existing cells, by cell division.

Grade 11 - SBI3U (15 decks)

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