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Research 3900 > Unit 4: Ch. 18 > Flashcards

Unit 4: Ch. 18 Flashcards

1
Q

what do retrospective, prospective, longitudinal, repeated measures, time series designs, and cross sectional studies all have in common?

A

They all have to do with TIME in some way, shape, or form

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2
Q

retrospective study

A

researchers look backward in time

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3
Q

prospective study

A

researchers start in present and look forward into the future (often used in public health nursing, epidemiology)
-ex: get a group of smokers in a study, follow them for x amount of years, check in with them periodically to see who got lung CA and who didn’t

some prospective studies may be categorized as longitudinal (if they collect data at various points)

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4
Q

longitudinal study

A

collect data at particular points (multiple points) in time

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5
Q

repeated measures study

A

collect exactly the same data using the same instruments/measurements at different points in time

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6
Q

time series study

A

looking at things over time

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7
Q

cross sectional study

A

one slice in time; not comparing findings to anything else

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8
Q

what is the purpose of participative studies and action research?

A

to create some kind of CHANGE

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9
Q

mixed method (MM) research

A

research that integrates qualitative and quantitative methods in a single study or coordinated set of studies

some questions/hypotheses require MM

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10
Q

what are the advantages of MM? (4)

A
  1. complementary: use of 2 methods (qualitative and quantitative) avoids problems encountered when using 1 method; “double checking”
  2. practicality: some phenomena are very complex and need more than 1 approach to the problem
  3. incrementality: depending on how much is known about the topic the researcher can begin with a qualitative approach and move into quantitative research
  4. enhanced validity: when you’ve got a set of findings and both qualitative and quantitative findings indicate the same thing –> increases validity (b/c finding the same thing)
    - gives you more confidence in the validity of your results
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11
Q

uses of MM research (4)

A
  1. developmental work
    - such as when an area of research is new. MM can help to capture the complexity of the topic (ex: may be developing instruments to measure the topic)
  2. hypothesis generation and testing
    - do the qualitative research, learn something about it –> may develop hypothesis for quantitative piece
  3. explication
    - to explain aspects of quantitative studies
  4. theory building, testing, and refinement
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12
Q

MM designs

A

Concurrent: qualitative and quantitative data are collected at the same time

Sequential: qualitative and quantitative data are collected at different times, one after the other

Morse notations system:

  • QUAL/quan, QUAN/qual, or QUAL/QUAN
  • —capital letters indicate the more dominant method/higher priority (equally dominant in “QUAL/QUAN”)
  • ”+” = concurrent approach
  • ”–>” = sequential approach
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13
Q

convergent parallel or triangulation

A

used to simultaneously obtain different but complementary data

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14
Q

embedded

A

may be sequential or concurrent; one type of data is used to support the other type of data; may be QUAL(quan) or QUAN(qual)
-qualitative may come first and take priority over quantitative (QUAL(quan)) or quantitative may come first and take priority over qualitative (QUAN(qual))

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15
Q

explanatory

A

sequential; quantitative data is collected first and qualitative data is collected second and used to explain the quantitative data
-trying to explain what’s going on

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16
Q

exploratory

A

sequential; qualitative method is used to collect in-depth information and quantitative method is used to measure it
-trying to explore what’s going on

17
Q

health services and outcomes research

A

documents the quality and effectiveness of health care and nursing services

  • usually done by an institution/hospital/administration
  • very broad, interdisciplinary field that studies organizational processes and structure, technology, social factors, and behaviors that influence access to health care, cost of care, and ultimately people’s health and well-being

focuses on parts of a health care quality model developed by Donabedian; key concepts:

  • structure of care (e.g. nursing skill mix)
  • processes (e.g. clinical decision making)
  • outcomes (end results of patient care)
18
Q

what’s the criticism with health services and outcomes data?

A

it’s a huge study and has a ton of information to process

19
Q

clinical trials

A

studies to develop a clinical intervention and test its efficacy and effectiveness

may be conducted in 4 phases

clinical trials often used by drug/pharmaceutical companies

in intervention research there is some type of intervention (exercise, medication, therapy, etc.) that is anticipated to change the status quo

20
Q

phases of clinical trials (4)

A

Phase 1: establishes safety, tolerance, and dose

Phase 2: pilot test of tx effectiveness in a sample of people

Phase 3: full experimental test of the tx; examines efficacy (whether one tx is more effective than another tx); typically done in a controlled artificial condition

Phase 4: examines effectiveness, i.e. whether the tx is effective in the general population; typically done in real world conditions; emphasizes generalizability

21
Q

which phase of clinical trials emphasizes generalizability?

A

phase 4

22
Q

intervention = clinical trial = evaluation

A

the different terms for “clinical trials” in various groups

nursing: intervention studies
medicine: clinical trial is the term used in medicine for intervention studies

education and public safety: evaluation research is term used in education and public policy

23
Q

nursing intervention research

A

a research approach for planning, developing, testing, and disseminating interventions specific to nursing

phases*:

  • basic developmental research
  • pilot research
  • efficacy research
  • effectiveness research

*these phases match up with the 4 phases of clinical trials

24
Q

evaluative research is seen where?

A

epidemiology, community health, and public health nursing

25
Q

evaluation research

A

examines how well a specific program, practice, procedure, or policy is working
-the program is the intervention

types:

    1. process analysis (FORMATIVE): done during the program w/ the aim of improving the program while the program is actually going on
  • -ex: midsemester clinical evals
    1. impact analysis (SUMMATIVE): done at the end of the program to see how well the program went
  • -ex: final clinical evals
  • 3: economic analysis: can be done w/ either formative or summative; looking at money and how much money it takes to run a program, how feasible it is to run a program, etc…
26
Q

formative is done when?

A

during the program w/ the aim of improving the program while the program is actually going on
-ex: midsemester clinical evals

27
Q

summative is done when?

A

at the end of the program to see how well the program went

-ex: final clinical evals

28
Q

survey research

A

data is obtained via self-report on the prevalence, distribution, and relationships between variables in a population

gathers data about actions, intentions, knowledge, characteristics, opinions, attitudes, and perceptions

may be cross-sectional or longitudinal

questionnaires are most commonly used but interviews may also be used
-personal interviews tend to yield the highest quality of data but are very expensive

29
Q

secondary analysis

A

a study that uses previously gathered data to address new questions

advantages:

  • can be used to collect qualitative or quantitative data
  • cost effective b/c it’s data that was already collected for another purpose; researchers can use own previously collected data or someone else’s data
  • can do secondary analyses on large, national data sets (“big data”)

disadvantage: data may not have been collected as it needed to be collected to answer the research question
- ex: using data for one research question and you come up with a second research question –> trying to use the data from the 1st research question may not yield everything you need for the 2nd research question

30
Q

methodological research

A

studies that focus on development, validation, and evaluation of research tools and instruments
-about instrument development (may be interview development, questionnaire development…)

another name is psychometric research

can involve qualitative or quantitative data

recognized by:

  • lengthy discussions of content, criterion, and construct validity
  • use of Factor Analysis in the results
  • ->not always used but very, very common. Factor Analysis talks about how researchers are developing validity

very important group of studies

Research 3900 (15 decks)

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