Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Research 3900 > Unit 3: Ch. 10 > Flashcards

Unit 3: Ch. 10 Flashcards

1
Q

population

A

the aggregate of cases in which a researcher is interested

“aggregate” = everybody in the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sample

A

the selection of the portion of the population
-subgroup of the population

"N" = entire sample
"n" = subgroup of entire sample
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

eligiblity criteria

A

characteristics that define the population

Types:

  • inclusion criteria
  • exclusion criteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

inclusion criteria

A

characteristics that you want your sample to have for being in the study (what qualifies them to be in the study)

ex: postpartum study - you want to study only first time adolescent moms ages 14-19

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

exclusion criteria

A

characteristics that your sample may have that keeps them out of the study (things that disqualify them/exclude them from being in the study)

ex: pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia - if any of the moms in the study had preeclampsia, that excludes them from being in the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

strata

A

subpopulation of the population (“layers”)

ex: dividing one group further into subgroups

sometimes males and females in each group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

target population

A

entire population of interest

ex: every adolescent mother in the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

accessible population

A

proportion of the target population who is actually accessible to the researcher

ex: target population is every adolescent in the US but the researcher can only access the ones within 40 miles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

representative sample

A

a sample whose key characteristics closely approximate the population
-want your sample to be as representative of the whole population as possible

ex: our class is representative of BSN students general but our class is NOT representative of the whole university in general (b/c there are various majors at MU)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

representative sampling is most easily achieved with…? (3)

A
  1. probability sampling
  2. homogenous sample/population
  3. larger samples
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

probability sample

A

random selection or random assignment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

homogenous sample/population

A

where population is alike on key characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

larger samples

A

more of whatever the characteristic is that you’re looking for
-but you don’t want your sample to be too large (largeness has its limits)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

sampling bias

A

the systematic over- or underrepresentation of segments of the population on key variables when the sample is NOT representative

happens when the sample is NOT representative

sampling bias slants your results one way or the other so that the results aren’t actually what you think they are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are 2 sampling designs in quantitative studies?

A
  1. nonprobability sampling

2. probability sampling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

nonprobability sampling

A

involves nonrandom selection; 5 types exist

  1. Convenience sampling: people who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria but they’re people who are convenient for the researcher to access
    - ex: collecting data at a clinic - the convenience sample would be whoever shows up at the clinic that day
    - The most common type of sampling used in nursing; most vulnerable to bias.
  2. Snowball sampling: people in the study help you recruit others to be in your study
    - used more in qualitative studies
  3. Quota sampling: recruitment of a certain subgroup based on certain characteristics to represent the sample (may have a number in mind of how many people you need)
    - keep sampling until you reach your quota
  4. Consecutive sampling: recruitment of people from the accessible population who meet the eligibility criteria for a certain period of time
  5. Purposive sampling: recruitment of participants based on personal judgment of the researcher about who will be the most informative; used a lot in qualitative studies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

probability sampling

A

involves random selection of subjects and each subject has an equal, independent chance of being selected; 4 types exist

  1. Simple Random sampling: selection of sample via a random procedure
    - ex: pulling names out of a hat
  2. Stratified Random sampling: subdivisions of the population according to some characteristic
    - ex: race, gender
  3. Cluster sampling: multi-stage sampling in which large clusters/groups are selected with successive subsampling of smaller groups
    - ex: going to do a study. Randomly selects 5 states out of 50 that you want to get your sample from. In each of those 5 states, randomly select 1 city to collect sample. Within each city, select a single hospital; within each hospital, select a single unit to actually collect the data from
  4. Systematic sampling: where every 5th, 10th, nth person is selected (researcher decides how many)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Snowball and purposive sampling are mostly used in ____ studies.

A

qualitative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 5 types of nonprobability sampling?

A
  1. convenience sampling
  2. snowball sampling
  3. quota sampling
  4. consecutive sampling
  5. purposive sampling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 4 types of probability sampling?

A
  1. simple random sample
  2. stratified random sampling
  3. cluster sampling
  4. systematic sampling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

sample size

A

defined as the number of study participants in the final sample

  • sample size adequacy: need a sample that’s the perfect size
  • sample size needs can and should be estimated through a power analysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

power analysis

A

purpose of a power analysis is to determine the appropriate sample size

sample size too small: sample may not have characteristics you need

sample size too big: the characteristics you’re looking for will eventually emerge b/c the sample is too big

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The basic decision in the types of data collection is the use of?

A
  1. new data

2. existing data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

new data

A

collected specifically for research purposes (primary data, primary analysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

existing data

A

records (e.g. pt charts)

historical data

existing data set (secondary analysis)

it’s ok to use existing data in qualitative studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the 3 types of data collection methods?

A
  1. self reports
  2. observation
  3. biophysiologic measures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

self-reports

A

Participants themselves report on whatever it is. These data are collected with formal instruments such as questionnaires or interviews. There are some things that only the participant can tell you what it is.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

observation

A

researcher watches or observes events under investigation

29
Q

biophysiologic measures

A

bodily functions (BP, pulse, temp)

30
Q

what are the 2 types of self-report measures?

A
  1. interviews

2. questionnaires

31
Q

interviews

A

interview questions/schedules are prespecified

  • asked orally
  • advantages: higher response rate; may be more appropriate for diverse audiences; time in interviews to clarify questions; more opportunity to get supplementary data through observation
32
Q

questionnaires

A

questions that are prespecified on a written form and self administered. Can be closed ended or open ended questions

  • closed ended questions (fixed alternatives): looking for a specific answer
  • open ended questions: much more general
  • advantages: cheaper than interviews; less time consuming than interviews; better possibility for anonymity and greater privacy
33
Q

questionnaire scales

A

used to make fine quantitative discriminations among people with different attitudes, perceptions, traits (many types)

  • ex: how anxious are you on a scale of 1-7?
  • likert scales
  • semantic differential scales
  • visual analog scales
34
Q

likert scale or likert-type scale

A

usually 5 or 7 responses for each item

scores assigned to each response

each individual question may be referred to as an item

responses vary (ex: never, sometimes, always…)

depends on the researcher

35
Q

semanitc differential scale

A

continuum between 2 adjectives (2 extremes)

continuum varies from 5 to 9

36
Q

visual analog scale (VAS)

A

pictures and numbers are used to measure the variable

the number continuum varies

visual scales are good for people who don’t speak English

37
Q

response set biases

A

tendency of some people to respond to some items in characteristic ways
-respond to characteristic ways independent to content (doesn’t matter what they’re asked - they answer in certain ways)

examples:

  • social desirability response set bias
  • extreme response set
  • acquiescence response set (yea-sayers)

all of these slant your results; you’re not getting the truth of how the participants feel

data can come out completely different (from what you expected) if the people answer like this
-may have to throw out a person’s results if they always answer like this

38
Q

social desirability response set bias

A

person tends to answer in politically/socially correct ways

39
Q

extreme response set

A

people who answer that everything is really good or really bad (don’t give a lot of in-between responses)

40
Q

acquiescence response set (yea-sayers)

A

the people go along with what the majority says they should go along with (whatever they think the majority would say)

41
Q

evaluation of self reports

A

want them to be strong on directness

it allows access to info otherwise not available to researchers (ex: questionnaires)

can’t always be sure subjects feel the way they say they feel

may be sure of the reliability and validity of the tool you’re using to measure results
-does it measure what it purports to measure? how consistent are the results?

42
Q

what are the 4 types of observations?

A
  1. structured
  2. rating scales
  3. time sampling
  4. event sampling
43
Q

structured observations

A

something such as a checklist; formal systems for recording incidents; specify behavior/event

only check the things you see

checklist means you’ll be looking for a lot of things

44
Q

rating scales observations

A

ratings are on a descriptive continuum, typically bipolar

may be looking at severity of behavior

an event happens and you rate how severe it is (ex: one kid hits another kid and you have criteria for determining the severity)

45
Q

time sampling observations

A

looking at how often a particular behavior is happening; how many times a behavior happens w/in a specific length of time

46
Q

event sampling observations

A

looking for important/specific events

-ex: may be looking for who is bullying who, how many kids in a playground bully…

47
Q

biophysiologic measures (2 types)

A
  1. In vivo measurements: nothing ever leaves the body
    - may be something like BP or temp measurements
  2. In vitro measurements: things performed outside the person’s body; something leaving the person’s body
    - ex: taking blood sample, urine sample; spit

Both tend to be strong on validity, objectivity, and precision

Not always suitable for every study or QI project

48
Q

sampling plan

A

specifies in advance how participants will be selected and how many to include

49
Q

elements

A

basic units

in nursing research elements of research are usually humans

50
Q

____ sampling is the only viable method of obtaining representative samples

A

probability

51
Q

____ samples are rarely representative of the entire population

A

nonprobability

52
Q

sampling error

A

refers to the differences between population values and the sample values

e.g. the average age of the population and the average age of the sample

53
Q

sampling interval

A

standard distance between selected cases

used in systematic sampling (a type of probability sampling)

54
Q

critiquing sampling plans (5)

A
  1. type of sampling approach used (e.g. convenience, consecutive, random)
  2. population under study and eligibility criteria for sample selection
  3. sample size w/ a rationale
  4. description of sample’s main characteristics (e.g. age, gender, clinical status, etc.)
  5. number and characteristics of potential subjects who declined to participate
55
Q

response rates

A

number of people participating in the study relative to the number of people sampled

56
Q

nonresponse bias

A

differences between participants and those who declined to participate

aka response bias

57
Q

scale

A

device that assigns a numeric score to people along a continuum

like a scale for measuring weight

58
Q

summated rating scales or composite scales

A

a person’s total score is the sum of item scores and these scales are sometimes called summated rating scales or composite scales

59
Q

in observational studies, researchers have flexibility with regard to several important dimensions (3)

A
  1. focus of the observation
    - focus can be broadly defined events or on small, highly specific behaviors
  2. concealment
    - researchers don’t always have to tell people they’re being observed
  3. method of recording observations
    - observations can be made through human senses, recorded on paper, or done with equipment (ex: video equipment, computers)
60
Q

reactivity

A

behavioral distortions due to the known presence of an observer

61
Q

category system

A

represents a method of recording in a systematic fashion the behaviors and events of interest that transpire w/in a setting

62
Q

checklist

A

the instrument observers use to record observations

63
Q

rating scale

A

an instrument that requires observers to rate phenomena along a descriptive continuum

can be used as an extension of checklists

64
Q

time sampling

A

involves the selection of time periods during which observations will occur

time frames may be selected systematically (e.g., every 30 seconds at 2-minute intervals) or at random

65
Q

event sampling

A

researchers select integral behaviors or events to observe

requires researchers to either have knowledge about the occurrence of events (e.g., nursing shift changes) or be in a position to wait for their occurrence

66
Q

factors that interfere with objective observations (3)

A
  1. emotions, prejudices, and values of the observer may lead to faulty interference
  2. personal views may color what observers see in the direction of what they want us to see
  3. anticipation of what is to be observed may affect what is perceived
67
Q

closed-ended questions

A

used in self-reports; aka fixed alternative questions

ones in which the response alternatives are prespecified

68
Q

open-ended questions

A

used in self-reports

allow participants to respond to questions in their own words

69
Q

advantages of biophysiologic measures (4)

A
  1. relatively accurate and precise, especially compared to psychological measures, such as self-report measures of anxiety or pain
  2. objective - ex: 2 nurses reading from the same spirometer output are likely to record identical tidal volume measurements, and two spirometers are likely to produce the same readouts
  3. pts cannot easily distort measurements of biophysiologic functioning
  4. provides valid measures of targeted variables: thermometers can be relied on to measure temperature and not blood volume, and so forth. For nonbiophysiologic measures, there are typically concerns about whether an instrument is really measuring the target concept

Research 3900 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions