Unit 2: Ch. 8 Flashcards
Theory
An abstraction that purports to account for or explain phenomena
- description on how you do a thing
- theories are inductively from observations
- ->theories are put together from small bits and pieces of info
- ->must know something about it
- ->composed of concepts or constructs and they are held together w/ propositions
Classical theory
abstract generalization that systematically explains relationships among phenomena
- ex: theory of evolution
- how thing A affects thing B
Descriptive theory
a theory that thoroughly describes a phenomenon, based on rich observations of it
-only describes, doesn’t look at relationships
Grand theory
a theory that attempts to explain large aspects of human experiences
-ex: Orem’s theory of self care deficit (a nursing theory)
aka macrotheories
Middle-range theory
a theory that focuses on a specific aspect of human experience (e.g. stress, comfort, and health promotion)
More specific and responsive to empirical testing than grand theories
Micro-theories
small theory about very, very specific phenomenon
-ex: theories about miscarriages
Models
deals with abstractions, assembled in a coherent scheme
-may be a picture, physical representation, diagram, 3D model (ex: DNA helix model), etc.
Represent a more loosely structured attempt to explain phenomena than theories
Can serve as springboards for generating hypotheses
-once you see a model/schematic, you may come up with ideas about how to write a hypothesis/research question based on it
Conceptual model
deals with abstractions (concepts) that are assembled because of their relevance to a common theme
Broadly presents an understanding of the phenomenon of interest and reflects the assumptions and philosophical views of the model’s designer
Provide a conceptual perspective regarding interrelated phenomena, but are more loosely structured than theories and do not link concepts in a logically derived deductive system
Can serve as springboards for writing hypotheses
Some writers use the term ____ to designate a method of representing phenomena with a minimal use of words.
Model
writers may be using a visual or symbolic representation
Statistical models
equations that mathematically express relationships among a set of variables
Schematic models (aka conceptual maps)
visually represent relationships among phenomena, and are used in BOTH qualitative and quantitative research
Concepts and linkages between them are depicted graphically through boxes, arrows, or other symbols
Schematic models are appealing as visual summaries of complex ideas
Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM)
A schematic model for explaining and predicting the health-promotion component of lifestyle
focuses on explaining health-promotion behaviors, using a wellness orientation
Framework
the overall conceptual underpinnings of a study - skeleton of a building, pieces all connect - may not be sure how yet
T/F: Not every study is based on a theory or conceptual model but every study has a framework
TRUE
Theoretical framework
abstraction that purports to account for or explain a phenomena
-more complex than a conceptual framework (we know more about it)
exists in a study based on a theory
More reliable than a conceptual framework b/c it has more of the parts to it than the conceptual framework
Conceptual framework
based on a conceptual model and is defined as interrelated concepts or abstractions assembled in a rational scheme b/c of a common theme; may be called a conceptual model
- we know less about it (than a theoretical framework)
- may have all the concepts there but don’t know how they go together or you may not have all the concepts
- less detail than theoretical framework
exists in a study that has its roots in a specified conceptual model
commonalities of theories and conceptual models (8)
- use concepts as building blocks
- require conceptual definitions of key concepts
- can be represented in a schematic model (drawing, physical model, 3D model…)
- are created by humans (as opposed to coming out of nature - something we create)
- are developed inductively (reasoning from specific examples to a general conclusion - lots of little details that go together to create a picture)
- cannot be proven - they are supported to a greater or lesser degree
- can be used to generate hypotheses and test research questions
- can serve as a stimulus to research
conceptual definition
how you’re choosing to define a specific thing
operational definition
how you’re going to measure something
T/F: Quantitative researchers are generally more guilty of failing to identify their frameworks than qualitative researchers
true
concept analysis
has become an important enterprise among students and nurse scholars
T/F: Theories, conceptual frameworks, and models are not discovered, they are created
True
What are the 4 concepts that are central to models of nursing?
- Human beings
- Environment
- Health
- Nursing
Roy’s Adaptation Model
In this model, humans are viewed as biopsychosocial adaptive systems who cope w/ environmental change through the process of adaptation
____ interventions usually take the form of increasing, decreasing, modifying, removing, or maintaining internal and external stimuli that affect adaptation.
Nursing
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
self efficacy; whether or not you can do or can’t do a thing - confidence in abilities
Prochaska’s Transtheoretical Model of Change
preparation for change - where someone is ready for change
Becker’s Health Belief Model (HBM)
behavior intentions
Bowlby’s Attachment Theory
OB theory; mother’s attachments to baby
Grit by Duckworth
theory about the reason that some people succeed and others quit; tenacity
-people who have grit are more likely to succeed in a lot of things - not so much about intelligence, more about “sticking with it”
Kurt Lewin’s Model of Change
Used in nursing, health care always changing
Diffusion of Innovations by Rodgers
About how fast people accept new things and start to use new things
-ex: electronics
this theory comes out of agriculture
Aizen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
offers a framework for understanding people’s behavior and its psychological determinants
-behavior that is volitional (willed) is determined by people’s intention to perform that behavior
Lazarus and Folkman’s theory of Stress and Coping
offers an explanation of people’s methods of dealing w/ stress, i.e., environmental and internal demands that tax or exceed a person’s resources and endanger his or her well-being
health promotion
entails activities directed toward developing resources that maintain or enhance a person’s well being
Mishel’s Uncertainty in Illness Theory
focuses on the concept of uncertainty - the inability of a person to determine the meaning of illness-related events
Substantive theory
Qualitative research
Conceptualizations of the target phenomena
-more like classical theory - has all the parts there
Grounded theory
Qualitative research
symbolic interactionism; used in business to describe processes
Ethnography
Qualitative research
Cultural theories: behaviors, ideas, and materials that support a culture; all about different cultures
Phenomenology
Qualitative research
the phenomenological philosophy of human experience (all about the human experience)
Qualitative research is primarily based on ____ not theory
philosophy
have a philosophical base; each different type of qualitative research has a different philosophical base
- lots of different interpretations of things; wide range of what you can do w/ any one philosophy
- qualitative authors have been accused of being atheoretical
Quantitative research is primarily based on?
theory
Use of theories or models in Quantitative research
Testing a theory through deducting hypotheses to be tested
-have a theory –> develop hypothesis –> test theory (have theory, then conduct study to see if that theory holds true)
Testing a theory-based intervention
-there may be some intervention that you should test
Using a theory/model as an organizing or interpretive structure
- ex: transtheoretical model of change (readiness for change) - like being in a paradigm
- if you’re working w/ one theory, stick w/ that theory
Fitting a problem into theory, after the fact (not recommended)
-don’t pick a theory and try to fit the problem into it
Where do I find the theory or framework in articles?
In the introduction (at the very beginning)
-normally somewhere in the beginning of the article
In the literature review
-may have a separate section later talking about the theory (depends on the theory and depends on the study)
After the research questions or hypotheses
In a separate section
if you’re getting to the methods and results section and aren’t picking up on a theoretical framework, there may not be one
idealational theories
suggest cultural conditions and adaptation stem from mental activity and ideas
Ethnography theory
materialistic theories
view material conditions (e.g. resources, money, production) as the sources of cultural developments
Ethnography theory
