Unit 4: Cerebrum pg 138 - 144

Question 1

Medullary center of the cerebrum consists of what kind of fibers?

Answer 1

• Projection
• Commissaral
• Association

Question 2

What kind of projection fibers are in the cerebrum?

Answer 2

• Corticopetal fibers (afferents to cerebral cortex)

- Corticofugal fibers (efferent of cortex)

Question 3

Commissar also fibers

Answer 3

Connect an area of cortex in one hemi with similar area in opposite hemi

Question 4

Association fibers

Answer 4

Connect cortical areas with single hemi

Question 5

Cigulum

Answer 5

Associative fiber bundle of lambic lobe; deep inside cingulate gyrus

Question 6

Superior longitudinal fasciculus (arcuate fasciculus)

Answer 6

Associative fiber bundle that provides connections between cortical areas of frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal and insular lobes

Connects motor and sensory language areas in “dominant” hemisphere

Question 7

U-fibers

Answer 7

Short association fibers that connect adjacent gyri within same hemi

Question 8

Neurons of cerebral cortex (3 types or names or neurons)

Answer 8

Pyramidal cells (unique to cerebral cortex)
Stellate
Fusiform

Question 9

Archicortex

Answer 9

3 layered cortex

Question 10

Paleocortex

Answer 10

5 layered cortex

Question 11

Neocortex

Answer 11

90% of human cortex is comprised of 6 histological layers

Question 12

Layers of neocortex from outermost to innermost layer:

Answer 12

[ outermost ]
I. Molecular layer
II. External granular layer
III. External pyramidal layer
IV. Internal granular layer
V. Internal pyramidal layer
VI. Multiform (fusiform) layer 
[ innermost — closest to medullary center ]

Question 13

Afferent fibers synapse in what neocortex layers?

Answer 13

I-IV

Question 14

Afferent fibers from sensory nuclei of thalamus terminate in which layer of the neocortex?

Answer 14

IV

This is large — 1˚ Sensory cortex. Brodmann map areas 1, 2, 3, 17, 41, 42

Question 15

What layers of the neocortex are efferent fibers?

Answer 15

Layers V and VI

These are large areas. Brodmann map 4, 6, 8

Question 16

Where are the 1˚ sensory cortex found on Brodmann map?

Answer 16

1, 2, 3, 17, 41, 42

Question 17

Where are the motor cortex found in Brodmann map?

Answer 17

4, 6, 8

Question 18

What layers of the cortex do efferent (corticofugal) fibers synapse?

Answer 18

V and VI

Question 19

Corticofugal fibers =

Answer 19

Efferent

Question 20

Corticopetal fibers =

Answer 20

Afferent

Question 21

What layers of the cortex do afferent (corticopetal) fibers synapse?

Answer 21

IV

Question 22

What are three important landmarks in the inferior frontal gyrus? (List from most anterior to most Posterior)

Answer 22

Orbital portion
Triangular portion
Opercular portion

Question 23

The prefrontal cortex is involved with what activities?

Answer 23

Abstract thinking
Judgment
Foresight
Behavior
Attention
Motivation
Decision making

Question 24

Patients with bilateral damage to prefrontal cortex experience profound changes in personality and behavior including:

Answer 24

Difficulty making good decisions
Neglect in setting goals or planning for the future
Lack of responsibility in personal affairs
Lack of good judgment
Dishonesty
(Sometimes) decrease in intellect

*example of Phineas Gage

Question 25

Lesion of left hemisphere

Answer 25

Aphasia

Question 26

Non-dominant hemisphere (right) is used for

Answer 26

3-dimensional/spatial relationships, prosody of speech

Question 27

Broca’s Language Area corresponds to what Brodmann’s map area

Answer 27

44, 45

Question 28

Broca’s area relates to what motor activity?

Answer 28

Muscles used in language expression Includes: written, spoken, signed language

Question 29

Motor/expressive language area also known as

Answer 29

Broca’s area

Question 30

Sensory/receptive language areas:

Answer 30

Wernicke’s area

Question 31

Where is wernicke’s area located?

Answer 31

Posterior part of superior temporal gyrus AND angular gyrus fo inferior parietal lobule

Question 32

Disturbances of language areas =

Answer 32

Aphasia (negative speech)

Question 33

Broca’s area lesion can lead to

Answer 33

Motor/expressive aphasia (Broca’s aphasia)

Question 34

Motor/expressive aphasia (Broca’s aphasia) symptoms:

Answer 34

- impaired ability to speak fluently - hesitant, disordered speech - often present agraphia - no impairment or comprehension

Question 35

Lesion of wernicke’s area =

Answer 35

Sensory/receptive aphasia (Wernicke’s aphasia)

Question 36

Sensory/receptive aphasia (Wernicke’s aphasia) symptoms

Answer 36

- Inability to comprehend spoken/signed language - Inability to read = alexia: can see letters/symbols but not understand the meaning of symbols - can hear sound but not understand meaning - can spontaneously speak (if Broca’s unaffected) without understanding what they are saying

Question 37

Alexia

Answer 37

Inability to read

Question 38

Lesion of the arcuate fasciculus that connects wernike’s and broca’s is called

Answer 38

Conduction aphasia

Question 39

Conduction aphasia symptoms

Answer 39

- language comprehension intact - generally good language production with some errors - difficulty repeating spoken language, reading aloud, responding to questions, copying written language