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Neuroanatomy > Intro To Nervous System > Flashcards

Intro To Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS is made up of these 3 (or 4) parts:

A

Brain (Cerebrum and Cerebellum)
Brainstem
Spinal cord

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2
Q

Gray matter is made up of:

A

Multiple neuron cell bodies

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3
Q

White matter is made up of:

A

Group of neuronal processes (fibers)

Axon or dendrites

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4
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Group of similar neuron cell bodies (gray matter)

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5
Q

What is laminate?

A

“Layer” or “band” of gray matter

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6
Q

What are bodies?

A

Collection of neuron cell bodies (gray matter)

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7
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Gray matter found on outer surface of brain and cerebellum

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8
Q

What is a tract or fasciculus?

A

Group of fibers/axons (white matter)

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9
Q

What is lemniscus?

A

“Ribbon” or “band” of axons (white matter)

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10
Q

What is funiculus?

A

“Column” or “cord” of axons (white matter)

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11
Q

List the names of white matter from smallest fibers to largest group of fibers:

A
  • tract or fasciculus (bundle of axons)
  • lemniscus (group of fibers)
  • funiculus (column or cord, can contain many tracts)
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12
Q

White matter can go in these directions:

A

Ascending, descending

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13
Q

What is the function of the brainstem?

A

Connects spinal cord to cerebrum and cerebellum

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14
Q

Brainstem is also called

A

“Bulb” or “bulbar”

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15
Q

Brainstem is made up of 3 divisions

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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16
Q

In the medulla oblongata, gray matter is located in:

A

The inferior olivary nuclei “olives”

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17
Q

Describe the inferior olivary nuclei:

A

Paired L & R, grey matter

Forms bulging landmarks on ventrolateral surface “olives”

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18
Q

The medulla oblongata has these cranial nerve nuclei:

A 
CN 12 - hypoglossal 
CN 11 - cranial root of spinal accessory
CN 10 - vagus
CN 9 - glossopharyngeal
CN 8 - part of vestibulocochlear complex
CN 5 - part of Trigeminal complex
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19
Q

White matter in the medulla oblongata is located in:

A

“Pyramids” on ventral surface and Inferior Cerebellar peduncles (ICPs) on dorsal surface

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20
Q

Where are “pyramids”?

A

Paired L+R on the ventral surface of medulla oblongata medial to “olives” (which is gray matter)

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21
Q

Which direction of fibers does “pyramids” in the medulla oblongata contain?

A

Descending fibers ie. corticospinal axons

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22
Q

What is the inferior cerebellar peduncles (ICPs)?

A

Paris L+R white matter on the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata. “Stalks” of axons going to and from cerebellum.

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23
Q

What is the function of the ICP?

A

Helps attach cerebellum to medulla

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24
Q

The posterior pons contains:

A

White and gray matter

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25
Q

White matter in the dorsal pons includes:

A

Middle cerebellar peduncles (MCPs)

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26
Q

What are middle cerebellar peduncles (MCPs)?

A

Paired L+R, stalks of axons mainly going to cerebellum, help attach cerebellum to pons

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27
Q

Grey matter in dorsal pons includes cranial nerve nuclei:

A

CN 8 - part of vestibulocochlear complex
CN 7 - facial
CN 6 - abducens
CN 5 - part of trigeminal complex

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28
Q

The ventral (anterior) pons is also called

A

Basal or basilar pons

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29
Q

The ventral (anterior) pons contains

A

Gray and white matter

Includes pontine nuclei

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30
Q

Decussate

A

When something crosses midline

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31
Q

The midbrain is also called

A

Mesencephalon

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32
Q

The midbrain (mesencephalon) includes what structure that divides the mesencephalon into ventral and dorsal portions

A

Cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)

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33
Q

Ventral midbrain comprised of ___ and contains cranial nerve nuclei (aka gray matter):

A

Blank: 2 cerebral peduncles

CN 3 - oculomotor
CN 4 - trochlear
CN 5 - part of trigeminal

Red nucleus (motor)
Substantia nigra (motor)
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34
Q

What is the substantia nigra?

A

Serotonergic nuclei

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35
Q

substantia nigra is important in

A

Motor control

Think: Parkinson’s disease

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36
Q

The dorsal midbrain (aka mesencephalon) is called

A

“Tectum”

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37
Q

The tectum (dorsal midbrain) contains:

A

2 paired nuclei: superior and inferior colliculi

And superior cerebellar peduncles (SCPs)

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38
Q

What does the superior colliculi do?

A

Reflexes

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39
Q

What does the inferior colliculi do?

A

Auditory

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40
Q

Describe the superior cerebellar peduncles (SCPs)

A

Paired L+R white matter of the dorsal midbrain “tectum” that connects the cerebellum and cerebrum to itself, the midbrain

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41
Q

The cerebellum contains

A

Gray and white matter

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42
Q

The gray matter of the cerebellum is located

A

Mostly on outer surface = cortex

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43
Q

The cortex of cerebellum is arranged in leaf-like folds called

A

folia

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44
Q

The white matter of the cerebellum is located here

A

In the core, called medullary center

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45
Q

The ICP (inferior cerebellar peduncle) connects the ____ to the _____

A

Cerebellum to the medulla

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46
Q

The MCP (middle cerebellar peduncle) connects the ____ to the _____

A

Cerebellum to the pons

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47
Q

The SCP (superior cerebellar peduncle) connects the ____ to the _____

A

Cerebellum to the midbrain and cerebrum

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48
Q

What does the cerebellum function to do?

A

Receive sensory input from cerebral cortex, sensory systems and other CNS areas

Influence skeletal muscle activity: posture, equilibrium, coordination + control of movement

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49
Q

The cerebellum is mainly ____ control of motor activity

A

Unconscious (though there is some research proving otherwise)

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50
Q

The cerebrum has 2 major distinctions or cerebral hemispheres called:

A

Diencephalon and telencephalon

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51
Q

Diencephalon means

A

“Between” “brain”

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52
Q

Telencephalon means

A

“End” “brain”

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53
Q

The diencephalon is separated into R + L by:

A

III ventricle

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54
Q

The diencephalon forms the majority of _____ matter and some ______ matter

A

Gray; white

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55
Q

The diencephalon is divided into 4 parts

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus

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56
Q

The thalamus is a relay center for what kind of information

A

Sensory

57
Q

The thalamus is involved in what kind of control

A

Motor

58
Q

The thalamus influences what kind of brain activity:

A

Behavior
Judgement
Emotion
Consciousness

59
Q

The hypothalamus is located

A

Beneath thalamus

60
Q

What is the main autonomic center of the brain?

A

Hypothalamus

61
Q

The hypothalamus aids in control of the:

A

Pituitary gland (endocrine system)

62
Q

Where is the epithalamus located?

A

Dorsomedial to thalamus

63
Q

The epithalamus contains this gland:

A

Pineal gland. Aka “epiphysis”

64
Q

The pineal gland secretes _____ and plays a role in:

A

Melatonin; circadian rhythm

65
Q

The subthalamus is located:

A

Inferior to thalamus and posterior to hypothalamus

66
Q

The subthalamus includes a nucleus with what kind of function? And what is the name of the nucleus?

A

Motor function; subthalamus nucleus

67
Q

The telencephalon consists of R+L hemisphere separated by

A

Longitudinal cerebral fissure

68
Q

Gray matter of the telencephalon is located here:

A

Cerebral cortex, aka found on the surface

69
Q

Define corpus striatum

A

‘Body’ ‘striped/striated’

70
Q

Where is the white matter of the telencephalon found?

A

Medullary center

71
Q

The 3 fiber types of white matter in the telencephalon are:

A
  1. Association fibers
  2. Commissural fibers
  3. Projection fibers
72
Q

What are association fibers?

A

Connect different cortical areas in the same hemisphere

73
Q

What are commissural fibers?

A

Connect opposite hemispheres (R and L sides)

Commissural fibers decussate.

74
Q

What are projection fibers?

A

Connect cortical region to subcortical region

75
Q

Right occipital lobe connecting to Right frontal lobe.

What is that an example of?

A

Association fibers

76
Q

Corpus callosum

What is that an example of?

A

Commissural fibers

77
Q

Thalamus-cortico fibers OR internal capsule

What is that/are those an example of?

A

Projection fibers

78
Q

Why is the internal capsule important?

A

Major sensory and motor pathway

79
Q

The internal capsule is sensitive to:

A

Ischemia (stroke)

80
Q

The telencephalon has folds called

A

Gyri

81
Q

Grooves between adjacent gyri are called

A

Sulci

82
Q

Deeper grooves of the telencephalon are called

A

Fissures

83
Q

Name the 5 anatomical lobes

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital 
Temporal
Insula (Island of Reil)
84
Q

What is the ventricular system?

A

Series of fluid-filled cavities (not actual spaces) within brain

85
Q

Where is the ventricular system derived from in development?

A

Neural canal of embryonic neural tube

86
Q

What is included within the ventricular system?

A

Choroid plexus

87
Q

What does the choroid plexus do and where is it?

A

Produces and secretes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricular system

88
Q

What is the flow of CSF?

A

Produced and secreted in choroid plexus

Enters the subarachnoid space around brain and spinal cord

Absorbed by arachnoid villi

89
Q

What does CSF function to do?

A

Shock absorber
Circulate nutrients
Metabolic waste removal (aid)

90
Q

Name the ventricles of the ventricular system in order:

A

Lateral ventricles - 2 paired L+R
III ventricle
IV ventricle

91
Q

What are the parts of the lateral ventricles?

A 
Anterior (frontal) horn
Body (central part)
Posterior (occipital) horn
Inferior (temporal) horn
Collateral trigone
92
Q

Where is the anterior (frontal) horn of the lateral ventricle located?

A

Projects into frontal lobe

93
Q

Where is the body (central part) of lateral ventricle located?

A

Area of pre- and post-central gyri

94
Q

Where is the posterior (occipital) horn of lateral ventricle located?

A

Projects into occipital lobe

95
Q

Where is the inferior (temporal) horn of lateral ventricle located?

A

Projects (because its a horn) into the temporal lobe

96
Q

Where is the collateral trigone of the lateral ventricle?

A

Communication intersection of 3 parts (body, post and inf horns)

97
Q

Describe the III ventricle

A

Unpaired chamber between two halves of diencephalon

98
Q

What contains choroid plexus?

A

Ventricles

99
Q

How do the lateral ventricles communicate with III ventricle?

A

Interventricular Foramina (of Monro)

100
Q

What is the interventricular foramina (of Monro) and how does it connect ventricles?

A

Pair structure that connects anterior horn of each lateral ventricle to the III ventricle

101
Q

What connects the III ventricle to the IV ventricle?

A

Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius)

102
Q

What is the Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius), where is it located and how does it connect ventricles?

A

Single canal located in the midbrain that connects III ventricle to IV ventricle.

103
Q

What divides anterior midbrain from posterior midbrain (tectum)?

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

104
Q

What is the IV ventricle?

A

Unpaired ventricle, contains some choroid plexus

105
Q

What are the borders of IV ventricle?

A 
Roof = Cerebellum
Floor = Pons + Medulla = rhomboid fossa
106
Q

What is the floor of the IV ventricle called?

A

Rhomboid fossa

107
Q

Name the 3 openings for CSF to exit IV ventricle

A
  1. & 2. Paired R+L lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka)
  2. Median aperture (foramen of Magendie)
108
Q

Where do the lateral apertures (foramina of luschka) extend and what does it do?

A

Extends around the sides of medulla and connects the IV ventricle to subarachnoid space

109
Q

Where does the median aperture (foramen of Magendie) extend and what does it do?

A

Between cerebellum and medulla and connects IV ventricle to subarachnoid space through cisterns magna

110
Q

What is the cisterns magna (cerebellomedullary cistern) and what aperture communicates with it?

A

Reservoir between cerebellum and medulla; median aperture (foramen of Magendie)

111
Q

What aperture flows directly into IV ventricle?

A

Lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka)

112
Q

What happens if production and resorption of CSF is unbalanced?

A

Hydrocephalus

113
Q

What is hydrocephalus>

A

Excess CSF, increased pressure of CSF

114
Q

What causes hydrocephalus?

A

Excess secretion, poor resorption or blockage of CSF

115
Q

What are the 3 classifications of Hydrocephalus?

A
  1. Non-communicating (obstructive) hydrocephalus
  2. Communicating hydrocephalus
  3. Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)
116
Q

What is non-communicating hydrocephalus?

A

Blockage of CSF circulation exiting the ventricles (excess CSF upstream of blockage)

117
Q

What is a common cause of non-communicating hydrocephalus?

A

Aqueductal stenosis

118
Q

What is communicating hydrocephalus?

A

Excess CSF through entire ventricular system.

119
Q

Why might communicating hydrocephalus happen?

A

Dysfunctional CSF resorption

120
Q

What is normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)?

A

Abnormal CSF level increase that might result in enlarged ventricles

121
Q

What kind of “activities” does NPH sometimes follow?

A

Trauma, surgery, infection

122
Q

What are the potential negative effects of hydrocephalus?

A

Mechanical damage to nervous tissue

123
Q

What 3 types of mechanical damage might hydrocephalus cause?

A
  1. Neurological deficits
  2. Headaches
  3. Papilledema - optic disc edema due to increased pressure on optic nerve
124
Q

What’s a potential treatment for hydrocephalus?

A

Ventriculoatrial shunt to resorb CSF into cardiac atrium.

Also, ventricuoperitoneal shunt to pleural space

125
Q

What 4 structures border the ventricular system? Which ones are grey matter and which ones are white matter?

A

Caudate nucleus
Amygdaloid
Hippocampus
Fornix - white matter, all others are grey matter

126
Q

Where are the 3 parts of the caudate nucleus located?

A

Head - lateral wall of anterior (frontal) horn of lateral ventricle

Body - lateral wall of the body (central part) of lateral ventricle

Tail - roof of inferior (temporal) horn of lateral ventricle

127
Q

Where is the amygdala located?

A

Anterior to the tip of the inferior (temporal) horn of the lateral ventricle and tail of the caudate nucleus

128
Q

Where is the hippocampus located?

A

Floor of inferior (temporal) horn of lateral ventricle

129
Q

What is the function of hippocampus?

A

Memory and emotions (limbic system)

130
Q

Where is the fornix located?

A

Fiber tract connecting hippocampus to diencephalon (so, white matter). Forms arch over thalamus

131
Q

The corpus striatum is made up of:

A

Caudate nucleus and

Lenticular (lentiform) nucleus

132
Q

The Lenticular (lentiform) nucleus is made up of 2 parts. Name the parts and any directional (lateral/medial, ant/post, etc) significance.

A

Globes pallidus - medial part

Putamen (like forAMEN) - lateral part

133
Q

The internal capsule is made up of _____ fibers which do what?

A

Projection fibers; [sub]cortical region to [sub]cortical region communication

So, white matter (because: fibers.)

134
Q

Name the 3 regions of the internal capsule:

A

Anterior limb
Genu
Posterior limb

135
Q

What does the anterior limb of internal capsule do?

A

Separates lenticular nucleus from head of caudate nucleus

136
Q

What does gene (knee) of internal capsule do?

A

Connects anterior limb to posterior limb

137
Q

What does posterior limb of internal capsule do?

A

Separates lenticular nucleus from thalamus

138
Q

How does CSF exit IV ventricle?

A

Apertures

Neuroanatomy (21 decks)

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