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Neuroanatomy > Unit 2: Auditory System > Flashcards

Unit 2: Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

The pinna (auricle), external auditory meatus and external auditory canal makes up the ______ ear.

A

External ear

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2
Q

The function of the external ear is to:

A

Collect sound waves

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3
Q

The tympanic membrane and ossicles make up the ____ ear or ____ cavity

A

Middle; tympanic

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4
Q

Malleus bone is attached to:

A

Tympanic membrane

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5
Q

Incus articulates with

A

Malleus and stapes

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6
Q

What covers the oval window?

A

Footplate of stapes

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7
Q

The oval window is also called the

A

Fenestra vestibuli

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8
Q

The round window is called the

A

Fenestra cochlea

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9
Q

The tensor tympani muscle is innervate by

A

CN V

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10
Q

Stapedius m innervate by

A

CN VII

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11
Q

What is the function of the tensor tympani and stapedius?

A

Protect against sudden, excessive noice by contracting to dampen/lessen movements of tympanic membrane and ossicles.

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12
Q

The osseous labyrinth and membranous labyrinth makes up the ____ ear

A

Inner ear

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13
Q

Auditory and vestibular receptors are located within:

A

Inner ear

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14
Q

Series of interconnected tunnels within petrous portion of temporal bone

A

Osseous labyrinth

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15
Q

Space inside the osseous labyrinth is called:

A

Perilymphatic cavity

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16
Q

Perilymphatic cavity is filled with

A

Perilymph

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17
Q

Cochlea

A

“Snail” in Greek

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18
Q

Where are the 3 semicircular canals?

A

Osseous labyrinth

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19
Q

The interconnecting membranous tubes is filled by:

A

Endolymph

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20
Q

Where are the 3 semicircular ducts?

A

Membranous labyrinth

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21
Q

2 membranous dilations within the vestibule of the membranous labyrinth

A

Utricle and saccule

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22
Q

The cochlear duct is located within the

A

Cochlear canal of the cochlea

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23
Q

Scala media (aka cochlear duct) is located where?

A

Middle space of cochlear canal

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24
Q

Scala vestibuli is located where?

A

Superior to scala media within cochlear canal

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25
Q

Where is the scala tympani located?

A

Inferior to scala media inside the cochlear canal

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26
Q

What space in the cochlear canal is filled with endolymph?

A

Scala media (AKA cochlear duct)

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27
Q

What space in the cochlear canal is filled with perilymph?

A

Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani

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28
Q

Continuous with the round window and the 2˚ tympanic membrane:

A

Scala tympani

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29
Q

Helicotrema

A

Helico “spiral”
Trema “hole”

Located at the apex of the cochlea and makes Scala tympani continuous with Scala vestibuli

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30
Q

What produces endolymph?

A

Stria vascularis

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31
Q

Damage to basal turn of the cochlea will harm what sound?

A

High frequency sounds (20,000 Hz)

32
Q

Damage to the apical end of cochlea will harm what kind of sound?

A

Low frequency

33
Q

The cochlear duct (AKA Scala media) is a membranous duct suspended in the middle of the cochlear canal. It has three walls/borders. What are they?

A
  • vestibular membrane = Reissner’s membrane
  • stria vacularis = outer wall
  • basilar membrane
34
Q

What is the membrane that separates the Scala media from the Scala vestibuli?

A

vestibular membrane = Reissner’s membrane

35
Q

What is the membrane that separates the scala media from the scala tympani?

A

basilar membrane

36
Q

What part of the cochlear duct (AKA Scala media) includes the organ of Corti?

A

Basilar membrane

  • extends continuously along the spiral turns of the cochlear duct (basilar membrane)
  • extends from basal turn to the distal end of the cochlea
37
Q

What is the Organ of Corti?

A

specialized mechanoreceptor for auditory information: monitors physical and mechanical changes

38
Q

What are the support cells of the Organ of Corti?

A
  • border cells
  • phalangeal cells
  • pillar cells
  • cells of Hensen
39
Q

What is the tectorial membrane?

A

gelatinous membrane continuous along the organ of Corti where the tips of the hair cells are embedded

40
Q

The sensory cells of the organ of Corti are also called hair cells. There are two types. What are they?

A

Inner hair cells

Outer hair cells

41
Q

Which sensory cells of the Organ of Corti are arranged in a single row and each engages at its base with terminals of fibers of the cochlear division of the VIII nerve?

A

Inner hair cells

42
Q

Which sensory cells of the Organ of Cori are arranged in multiple rows with each cell innervated by fibers of the cochlear nerve?

A

Outer hair cells

43
Q

The ‘hairs’ (sensory cells) of the Organ of Corti are modified ______ that extend from the apical end of the cells and are embedded into the __________.

A
  • microvilli

- tectorial membrane

44
Q

What happens to the hair cells when the basilar membrane vibrates?

A
  • the hairs bend in relation to the tectorial membrane - this activates mechanically sensitive ion channels
  • this changes the excitability of the hair cells and generates auditory information relayed in the sensory fibers of cochlear neurons of the cochlear nerve
45
Q

movement of the foot plate of the stapes at the______ window initiates corresponding pressure waves in the______ beginning at the vestibule

A
  • oval

- perilymph

46
Q

The pressure waves created by the movement of the foot plate of the stapes at the oval window will propagate through which structure?

A

scala vestibuli, the
vestibular membrane, the endolymph in the cochlear duct and then initiate movement of the secondary tympanic membrane covering the round window and the basilar membrane

47
Q

The specific part of the basilar membrane that vibrates maximally is dependent upon what?

A

the pitch of the sound (i.e.

frequency)

48
Q

The organ of Corti is tonotopically organized. What does this mean?

A

high pitch sounds are monitored along the basal turn of the cochlea while low pitch sounds are monitored near the apical end

49
Q

What is the result of repeated exposure to excessively loud noises?

A

hairs of the hair cells will be sheared off

50
Q

What part of the Organ of Corti is most vulnerable to damage due to loud noises? Why?

A

basal turn is the most vulnerable because regardless of

frequency, it vibrates and can therefore result in high frequency deafness

51
Q

Primary cochlear (auditory) neuron cell bodies are found where?

A

spiral ganglia (aka cochlear ganglia) positioned in spiral fashion in the modiolus along the turns of the cochlear duct.

52
Q

The peripheral processes of primary cochlear (auditory) neurons innervate what?

A

Hair cells

53
Q

The myelinated central processes of primary cochlear (auditory) neurons are included in what nerve?

A

cochlear division of the VIII nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve)

54
Q

The central process of primary cochlear (auditory) neurons included in the cochlear division
of the VIII nerve and traverse what structure to reach the brainstem?

A

the internal acoustic meatus

55
Q

The central processes of primary cochlear (auditory) neurons terminate in the rostral brainstem in one of two nuclei. What are they?

A
  • (dorsal) cochlear nucleus

- (ventral) cochlear nucleus

56
Q

Secondary cochlear (auditory) neuron cell bodies are found where?

A

(ventral and dorsal) cochlear nuclei

57
Q

Processes of the secondary cochlear (auditory) neuron cell bodies project rostrally through the central auditory pathway and include:

A

contralateral and ipsilateral projections (bilateral p/way) therefore, the ascending auditory pathway is bilateral and determines that auditory information that originated from one
ear is projected to auditory cortex in both cerebral hemispheres

58
Q

Decussating fibers of the contralateral cochlear pathway are called what?

A

Trapezoid body

59
Q

Secondary neurons of the contralateral auditory pathway project axons to the contralateral side of the _______ and some of them terminate in the contralateral _______ while others ascend in the __________ and terminate in the ________.

A
  • Pons
  • superior olivary nucleus
  • lateral meniscus
  • inferior colliculus
60
Q

Fiber from neurons of the inferior colliculus traverse the inferior brachium and terminate in the _______ of the thalamus

A
  • medial geniculate body
61
Q

neurons of the medial geniculate body project axons through the __________. These fibers form the _______ and terminate in ________ in the temporal lobe

A
  • posterior limb of the internal capsule
  • auditory radiations
  • primary auditory cortex
62
Q

Some secondary cochlear (auditory) neurons in the (ventral) cochlear nucleus project axons rostrally to the ipsilateral___________. From there, the pathway is the same as for the fibers that decussate.

A

superior olivary nucleus

63
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located

A

the floor of the lateral sulcus along the superior temporal gyrus specifically on Heschel’s gyrus (AKA anterior transverse temporal gyrus)

64
Q

The primary auditory cortex corresponds to what Brodmann’s map areas?

A

41, 42

65
Q

The primary auditory cortex has what kind of organization?

A

Tonotopic, i.e. different frequencies are processed in different locations

66
Q

Low frequency sounds are processes in what portion of the primary auditory cortex?

A

Anterolateral region of the transverse temporal gyrus

67
Q

High frequency sounds are processed in what portion of the primary auditory cortex?

A

Posteromedial region of the transverse temporal gyrus

68
Q

What anatomical areas are included in the auditory association cortex?

A

regions of the temporal lobe that immediately surround Heschl’s gyrus

69
Q

The auditory association cortex corresponds to what Brodmann’s map area?

A

22

70
Q

What is the function of the auditory association cortex?

A

permits recognition and interpretation of sounds

based on one’s previous experience with sound

71
Q

Unilateral damage to auditory pathway structure above the cochlear nuclei would result in what?

A

slight hearing loss in both ears

72
Q

Unilateral damage to the cochlear nuclei or any auditory structure peripheral to the nuclei would results in what?

A

hearing loss or decrease in hearing of the ipsilateral ear

73
Q

Conductive hearing loss is due to what?

A

disturbances of the peripheral auditory receptor apparatus

74
Q

Neural (sensorineural) hearing loss is due to what?

A

interruption of the VIII nerve or elements of the central pathway in the brain

75
Q

Name two techniques for testing the integrity of the auditory system.

A
  • Weber test
  • Rinne test

NOTE: Details of these will be taught in other classes

76
Q

Neurons of the inferior colliculi share connections with superior colliculi. In the auditory system, this connection allows for:

A
  • physical reactions to startling sounds
  • localization of sound
  • intensity of sound

Neuroanatomy (21 decks)

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