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Neuroanatomy > Unit 2: Olfactory System > Flashcards

Unit 2: Olfactory System Flashcards

1
Q

The sense of olfaction is also called the ______ sense

A

osmatic

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2
Q

Components of the Olfactory System:

A
  1. olfactory mucosa
  2. olfactory nerves
  3. olfactory bulbs
  4. olfactory tracts
  5. olfactory cortex
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3
Q

Humans are considered _______ because our sense of smell is less important than sensations of vision or audition.

A

Microsmatic

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4
Q

Where is olfactory mucosa located?

A

located in superior aspect of each nasal fossa (sphenoethmoid recess) and extends onto the median nasal septum and lateral wall

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5
Q

What epithelial type is found in the olfactory mucosa?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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6
Q

What kind of glands are found beneath epithelium and secrete fluid onto surface of mucosa to dissolve odorant
chemicals?

A

olfactory glands = Bowman’s glands

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7
Q

What are olfactory cells?

A

bipolar neurons that are modified to serve as olfactory receptor cells and conduct impulses

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8
Q

Olfactory cells have a limited functional life. What is this called and how long is it?

A

Olfactory cell turnover every 3 months or so

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9
Q

Describe the axons of olfactory cells?

A

axons are unmyelinated and form filaments of CN I

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10
Q

Specialized “dendrites” from olfactory cells on the mucosal surface and includes _______ receptors

A

odorant

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11
Q

bundles of axons (filaments of CN I) enter the cranial cavity through the ________ of the ethmoid bone

A
  • foramina of the cribriform plate
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12
Q

What are glomeruli?

A

clusters of synaptic endings where axons (filaments of CN I) entering the olfactory bulb terminate

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13
Q

The end portion of an extension of the brain that is along the ventral
surface of the frontal lobe and associated with the olfactory system.

A

olfactory bulbs

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14
Q

What helps increase olfactory sensitivity?

A

Convergence where one mitral cell communicates with several olfactory cells

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15
Q

Dendrites of ________ arborize within the glomeruli with olfactory cell axons

A

principal neuron = mitral cell

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16
Q

Another type of neuron found within the olfactory bulbs? The axons of these cells travel through the olfactory tracts.

A

tufted cells

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17
Q

What comprises most of the fibers of the olfactory tract and project centrally in the brain?

A

mitral cell axons

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18
Q

association neurons of the olfactory bulb include:

A

periglomerular cells, granule cells and others

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19
Q

association neurons of the olfactory bulb serve to:

A

modify olfactory information before reaching the cerebral olfactory areas

20
Q

most fibers of the olfactory tract are from ______, some from ________.

A

mitral cells, tufted cells

21
Q

Fibers of the olfactory tract lead to the ________ at base of brain, which splits into a lateral and medial.

A
  • olfactory trigone

- olfactory stria

22
Q

Which stria of the olfactory tract do most of the fibers traverse?

A

lateral olfactory stria

23
Q

Where do the fibers of that traverse the lateral olfactory stria travel to?

A

lateral olfactory area of the cerebrum

24
Q

Some fibers of the olfactory tract make up an intermediate olfactory stria and terminate where?

A

in the anterior perforated substance

25
Q

although often observed as a ridge of tissue, what does not include olfactory tract fibers to the septal area as originally thought?

A

the “medial olfactory stria”

26
Q

What cerebral olfactory area receives input from the olfactory bulbs through fibers of the lateral olfactory stria?

A

Lateral Olfactory Area

27
Q

Areas of the Lateral Olfactory Area includes:

A

(1) uncus (anterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus)
(2) limen insula (cortex of the ventral part of insula)
(3) part of the amygdala

28
Q

The areas of the lateral olfactory area comprise the ____________, which is largely in the temporal bone.

A

Primary Olfactory Area

29
Q

What is the Primary Olfactory Area responsible for?

A

responsible for subjective appreciation (awareness)

of an olfactory stimulus

30
Q

Where is the olfactory association area located?

A

cortical areas adjacent to the primary olfactory cortex:
• lateral portion of the orbital surface of the frontal lobe

Note: permits the identification of the qualities of odors and also
the significance

31
Q

The hippocampus and amygdala are part of the limbic system. What areas of the olfactory system are also part of it?

A

Lateral olfactory areas

32
Q

How do the circuits of the limbic system allow odor to affect us?

A

odors to influence

memories, emotions, and visceral responses

33
Q

What receives olfactory input from intermediate olfactory stria?

A

Anterior Perforated Substance

34
Q

Where is the Anterior Perforated Substance

postitioned?

A

between the lateral and ‘medial’ olfactory stria

35
Q

What area forms the intermediate olfactory area: plays no role in conscious olfaction

A

Anterior perforated substance

36
Q

Neurons in the Anterior Perforated Substance play no role in conscious olfaction but instead mostly connect to structures in which system? It therefore appears to be involved in odors influencing what?

A
  • Important structures of the limbic system

- memories, emotions, and visceral function

37
Q

connections to the septal area and the hypothalamus permit olfactory sensations to influence _________.

A

autonomic activity (GI motility, salivation, or vomiting)

38
Q

structures and pathways of the lateral and intermediate olfactory
areas, directly and indirectly, connect to what 3 areas?

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • limbic structures
  • reticular system.
39
Q

protocols to test olfactory sensations should consider the following:

A

a. each nostril should be tested separately
b. the substance should have an odor recognizable to the subject
c. substance should be volatile (aromatic): so that it can reach olfactory mucosa
d. substance must be non-irritative so you are not inadvertently testing nociception

40
Q

Why do individuals who lose sensibility of smell often complain that food “doesn’t taste right” or “tastes bland”?

A

it is difficult to distinguish between qualities of smell and of taste

41
Q

What is anosmia?

A

loss of smell

42
Q

What are some destructive lesions that cause interruption of the pathway?

A

a. fractures of the ethmoid bone: leading to damage of CN I

b. meningioma in the floor of the anterior cranial fossa: which can interrupt an olfactory bulb or tract

43
Q

What causes olfactory hallucinations?

A

irritative lesions of the lateral olfactory cortex

44
Q

What are features of olfactory hallucinations?

A

a. inappropriate olfactory sensations
b. often unfamiliar to patient
c. usually extremely disagreeable

45
Q

specific condition that affects the lateral olfactory area where patients experience disagreeable olfactory hallucinations and sometimes display convulsive, involuntary movements of the tongue and lips?

A

uncinate seizures

46
Q

uncinate seizures are often associated with problems of what lobe?

A

Temporal

47
Q

Following an uncinate seizure, patients experience a period of _______.

A

Confusion

Neuroanatomy (21 decks)

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