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IB Biology > UNIT 4 - B 3.3 - Muscles and Motility > Flashcards

UNIT 4 - B 3.3 - Muscles and Motility Flashcards

1
Q

What are motile organisms?

A

organisms that have adaptations allowing movement within their habitat

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2
Q

What are sessile organisms?

A

organisms that cannot move from place to place, only their body can move in response to environmental stimuli

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3
Q

What is an example of a sessile organism?

A

venus flytrap

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4
Q

How do venus flytraps trap and digest insects?

A

it waits for an insect to enter its paired leaves and trigger hairs within, then the leaves close around the prey and the internal portion of the leaves secretes enzymes to digest the insect

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5
Q

What is an example of a motile organism?

A

brown-throated three-toed sloth

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6
Q

What adaptations make movement on the ground almost impossible for sloths?

A

they have three long toes on each foot and a specific bone structure and musculature to be adpated to hanging from branches and moving using a pulling motion

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7
Q

How are mammals able to move?

A

they have muscles attached to bones

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8
Q

What kind of organism is a barnacle in terms of motion?

A

sessile

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9
Q

what is tropism?

A

the movement of an organism (usually a plant) towards an external stimulus

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10
Q

How do amoeba move?

A

using their cytoskeleton to move their plasma membrane

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11
Q

What are muscle fibres?

A

the cells that compose muscle

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12
Q

Why are muscle fibres multinucleate?

A

because each fibre represents several cells that have merged together

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13
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

protein filaments which each muscle fibre is composed of

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14
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

contracting units that are sequentially placed along each myofibril

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15
Q

Why is it that when one sarcomere contracts, all the sarcromeres in the same muscle also contract?

A

because all the sarcomeres are attached to one another end to end

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16
Q

What does the resulting action of sarcomeres contracting do?

A

it makes the muscle fibre and entire muscle shorter

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17
Q

What is the result of alternating fibres of the proteins myosin and actin?

A

the striations of skeletal muscle

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18
Q

What happens with myosin and actin when a sarcomere contracts?

A

the myosin remain stationary and the two sides of the actin move towards the centre of the sarcomere

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19
Q

How is myosin and actin able to interact when a sarcomere contracts?

A

with myosin’s movable head that interacts with actin using ATP in specific pathways

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20
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

the model of muscle contraction - when sarcomeres contract, actin filaments slide over the myosin fibres resulting in each sarcomere shortening

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21
Q

What are the dark areas of sarcomeres a result of?

A

the presence of both actin and myosin in those areas

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22
Q

How do muscles attach to bones?

A

using connective tissues called tendons

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23
Q

What is the bone that acts as an immovable anchor called?

A

the origin

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24
Q

What is the bone that moves as a result of muscle contraction called?

A

the insertion

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25
Q

Why is it that if a bone is moved with one muscle, another muscle is required to move the bone the opposite way?

A

because a muscle can only exert a force when it contracts

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26
Q

What does it mean for two muscles to be antagonistic to each other?

A

they accomplish opposite movements

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27
Q

What is titin?

A

a protein with multiple folds that allow it to act like a spring

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28
Q

What creates the spring-like tension in titin that is released when the muscle relaxes?

A

the two sides of each sarcomere moving towards the centre when sarcomeres are shortened during contraction

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29
Q

What does titin do for myosin fibres and muscle fibres?

A

it holds myosin fibres in place and prevents muscle fibres from overstretching

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30
Q

What are neuromuscular junctions?

A

a type of synapse where a chemical message is sent into the muscle tissue to stimulate a contraction

31
Q

What do motor neurons carry?

A

neurons that carry the chemical message of neuromuscluar junctions

32
Q

What does a muscles contraction intensity depend on?

A

how many of the total muscle fibres within the muscle receive a nervous system impulse to contract

33
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

a set of muscle fibres controled by single motor neurons

34
Q

What does the brain do if a low intensity contraction is needed?

A

activates a low number of motor units

35
Q

What results in different movements of vertebrate animals?

A

relative differences in bone length and muscle attachments

36
Q

What are exoskeletons made of?

A

chitin

37
Q

Where are the muscle attachment points for arthropods (like insects) with exoskeletons?

A

on the inside of the hollow skeleton

38
Q

What do many individual bones and segments of skeletons act as to maximize efficiency for different movements?

A

levers

39
Q

What is a fulcrum in terms of bones?

A

a joint

40
Q

What does the lever action of bones and joints allow for muscles?

A

allows them to exert a lower force to accomplish any one movement

41
Q

How are arthropods capable of a large range of motion?

A

by maximizing leverage

42
Q

Where do synovial joints occur?

A

in the body where two bones need to move against each other

43
Q

What are synovial joints notable for?

A

the wide range of motion they allow

44
Q

What are examples of synovial joints?

A

joints at elbow, knee, shoulder, hips

45
Q

What is an example of a ball-and-socket joint?

A

the head of a fermur fits into a rounded socket in the pelvis bone

46
Q

What does cartilage help avoid?

A

bone on bone contact

47
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

hild bones in place while allowing a range of motion

48
Q

What do the pelvis and femur do in the pelvis structure?

A

they form the ball-and-socket joint of the hip

49
Q

What does cartilage do for the pelvis structure?

A

as a smooth protective tissue, it lines botht he pelvis and femur within the hip joint

50
Q

What does the synovial fluid do for the pelvis structure?

A

reduces friction

51
Q

What do tendons do for the pelvis structure?

A

as a connective tissue, it connects each of the muscles of the hip joint to its appropriate bones

52
Q

What does a goniometer do?

A

measure the range of motion of a joint

53
Q

What is range of motion for joints?

A

the distance and direction it can move

54
Q

What are the intercostal muscles between the ribs an example of?

A

an antoagoistic pair

55
Q

What do intercostal muscles use ribs as?

A

their origin and insertion points

56
Q

What do both the external intercostal muscles and internal intercostal muscles use as the fulcrum point?

A

the attachment of the ribs to the vertebrae

57
Q

What happens when the external intercostal muscles contract?

A

the rib cage is pulled upwards and out

58
Q

What do the internal intercostal muscles do when they contract?

A

move the ribcage down and inwards

59
Q

How do external/internal intercostal muscles store potential energy that will be used for the next contraction of the opposite muscle?

A

Through the stretching of the opposite muscle and the titin in each sarcomere of that muscle layer, creating the potential energy

60
Q

what are reasons for locomotion amung animals?

A

foraging for food, escape danger, searching for mate, migration, dispersal

61
Q

What involves a honey bee foraging for food?

A

flying from flower to flower to collect nectar and pollen

62
Q

What involves a flying fish escaping danger?

A

swimming fast and extending their long pectoral fins to glide over the water

63
Q

What involves a loggerhead sea turtle searching for a mate?

A

both males and females swim back to the beach where they were hatched to mate and lay eggs

64
Q

What involves arctic tern migrating?

A

migrating from arctic breeding grounds to the antarctic region and back each year to take advantage of available food

65
Q

What involves a hoary bat dispersing?

A

north american populations have established permanent colonies on the Hawaiin Islands

66
Q

What are adaptations of dolphins to be able to live in the ocean?

A

streamlined body, lack of body hair, tail that forms a fluke, no rear legs, front limbs became flippers, blowhole for air, sealing the blowhole between breaths, can stay underwater for several minutes, retained mammalian characteristics

67
Q

What do dolphins’ streamlined bodies allow?

A

movement through the water with ease and speed

68
Q

What does the lack of body hair allow for dolphins?

A

reduced drag through the water

69
Q

What does the fluke of dolphins allow?

A

an up and down motion for propulsion

70
Q

what are the flippers of dolphins primarily used for?

A

stearing

71
Q

What do dolphins’ blowhole allow?

A

exhange of air with minimal of the body leaving the water

72
Q

What does sealing the dolphins blowhole allow?

A

water to not enter the airway

73
Q

What can dolphins do since they can stay underwater for minutes without breathing?

A

they can make deep dives

74
Q

What mammalian characteristics have dolphins retained?

A

being endothermic, producing milk for young, having a two-sided circulatory system, long-term parental care of young

IB Biology (17 decks)

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