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IB Biology > UNIT 2 - B 2.2 - Organelles and Compartmentalization > Flashcards

UNIT 2 - B 2.2 - Organelles and Compartmentalization Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cell compartmentalization?

A

The isolation of reactions so they don’t interfere with one another

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2
Q

What is the result of cell compartmentalization?

A

cells work much more efficiently

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3
Q

What is reductionism?

A

Studying cells by breaking them down into individual components

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4
Q

What does fractionation refer to in biochemical fractionation?

A

the separation and isolation of spedivid chemicals/structures so detailed research can be carried out

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5
Q

What is another word for cell fractionation?

A

Centrifugation

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6
Q

What does centrifugation allow?

A

the extraction of organelles from the cell

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7
Q

What is the process of cell fractionation?

A

cells are mixed in a tube with substances that break down the cell membranes, the sample is spun in an ultracentrifuge to isolate the different components, larger/heavier components go to the bottom of the tube and seperate at lower speeds

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8
Q

What technique is effective in isolating pure substances such as amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and plant pigmants?

A

chromatography

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9
Q

What is the process of chromatography?

A

A mixture of molecules is placed in a separating medium, and the molecules seperate depending on size and speed they travel through the medium

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10
Q

How does gel electrophoresis separate molecules?

A

by passing them through a gel using an electric charge

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11
Q

What are molecules separated based on with gel electrophoresis?

A

size and charge

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12
Q

Why are barriers around organelles important?

A

It allows the chemical reactions in an organelle to not be interfered with from the rest of the cell

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13
Q

What components of cells are not organelles?

A

cell wall, cytoskeleton, and cytoplasm

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14
Q

What components of cells are considered organelles?

A

nucleus, vesicles, ribosomes, plasma membrane, cilia/flagella, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes

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15
Q

What are the processes responsible for the production of proteins called?

A

transcription and translation

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16
Q

What is involved in transcription?

A

a DNA strand acts as a template for the formation of mRNA

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17
Q

What is involved in translation?

A

Ribosomes use the code from the mRNA to produce polypeptide chains

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18
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

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19
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

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20
Q

What does the seperation of transcription and translation allow?

A

post-transcriptional modifications of mRNA to occur in the nucleus before translation occurs in the cytoplasm

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21
Q

How does the transcription/translation process differ in prokayotic cells?

A

The two processes are not isolated so mRNA can come into contact with ribosomes and start translation immediately without any modifications

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22
Q

What does the number and size of organelles depend on?

A

the overall function of the cell in which they occur

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23
Q

What do acinar cells specialize in?

A

The secretion of digestive enzymes

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24
Q

Which organelles are greatly enlarged in acinar cells?

A

the ER, golgi apparatus and granule storage compartments

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25
Q

What does keeping reactions separate in different parts of the cell result in?

A

The metabolites and enzymes for each process and be concentrated in a particular area

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26
Q

What does the metabolites and enzymes being concentrated in a particular area allow?

A

That pathways run smoothly, can be easily controlled, and do not interfere with one another

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27
Q

What do lysosomes help do?

A

breakdown wastes and cellular components that need to be replaced

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28
Q

What would happen if the enzymes involved with the waste breakdown in lysosomes weren’t isolated by a membrane?

A

They could cause severe damage to the cell

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29
Q

What is often the result of endocytosis?

A

a phagocytic vacuole

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30
Q

What happens after the phagocytic vacuole comes into contact with a lysosome?

A

inactivation and digestion of the threatening contents of the vacuole

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31
Q

What does phagocytosis help defend the cell against?

A

invading phathogens

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32
Q

What must happen due to the cell having organelles carrying out one specific function?

A

They have to develop a means of integrating each separate function

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33
Q

How are some of the separate functions integrated?

A

Some organelles are connected in a functional series allowing chemical pathways to take place

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34
Q

Why have membrane pumps and carriers evolved?

A

So that the products of one organelle can enter another and important cell reactions can occur

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35
Q

What is cell respiration?

A

The process by which glucose is used to produce ATP which then provides energy needed for cell reactions

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36
Q

Where does respiration (the complex chemical reactions) mostly occur?

A

In the mitochondrion

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37
Q

Why do all organisms carry out respiration?

A

All organisms must be able to produce ATP for energy

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38
Q

What is the outer mitochondrial membrane?

A

A membrane that separates the contents of the mitochondrion from the rest of the cell

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39
Q

What is the matrix of the mitochondrion?

A

a cytoplasm-like substance inside the mitochondrion that contains enzymes for the first stages of respiration to take place in the mitochondrion

40
Q

What is the cristae of the mitochondrion?

A

Tubular regions around the membrane the increases surface area for reactions to take place towards the end of respiration

41
Q

What is the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

A membrane containing the carriers and enzymes for the final stages of respiration

42
Q

What is the space between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion?

A

A reservoir for hydrogen ions/protons allowing for a high concentration of protons

43
Q

What may mitochondrial defects in children lead to?

A

Muscle weakness and it could affect mental development

44
Q

Where do all the steps in photosynthesis occur?

A

Inside the chloroplast

45
Q

Where does chloroplasts occur?

A

Mostly in leaves, some plants have them in the cells of other organs

46
Q

Why are chemical bonds made in photosynthesis?

A

to produce carbon compounds

47
Q

What are the raw materials of photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide and water, light providing energy

48
Q

What are involved in photosynthesis to enable the formation of glucose, more water, and oxygen?

A

enzymes

49
Q

What is photosynthesis essentially the reverse of?

A

Respiration

50
Q

What kind of process is respiration?

A

catabolic

51
Q

What kind of process is photosynthesis?

A

anabolic

52
Q

What are the organisms called in which photosynthesis occurs?

A

autotrophs

53
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

An organism that can produce their own food

54
Q

What allows for the anabolic reactions to happen efficiently (photosynthesis)?

A

The structure of chloroplasts

55
Q

What does the extensive membrane surface area of the thylakoids in chloroplasts allow for?

A

Greater absorption of light by photosynthesis

56
Q

What do the small space (lumen) and low volume of fluid within the thylakoids in chloroplasts allow for?

A

Faster accumulation of protons to create a concentration gradient

57
Q

What does the stroma region (similar to cytoplasm) in chloroplasts allow for?

A

it provided a region where the enzymes for the Calvin cycle can work

58
Q

What does the chloroplasts’ double membrane allow for?

A

isolating the working parts and enzymes of the chloroplast from the surrounding cytoplasm

59
Q

What does the nuclear envelope provide?

A

an area where DNA can carry out its functions without being affected by processes occuring in other parts of the cell

60
Q

What do the pores through the nuclear envelope allow?

A

Ions and small molecules to diffuse between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm

61
Q

What is the nucleoplasm?

A

nuclear material

62
Q

What do the pores in the nucleus control the passage of?

A

mRNA, proteins, and RNA-protein complexes into and out of the nucleus

63
Q

Where are ribosomes produced?

A

in the nucleolus

64
Q

What must mRNA do to be transcribed?

A

leave the nucleus

65
Q

What is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope?

A

The ER of the cytoplasm

66
Q

What are some similarities between the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and the ER?

A

ribosomes are seen attached toboth and they can also both form vesicles

67
Q

What does the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope interact with?

A

chromatin

68
Q

What happens early in both mitosis and meiosis allowing for the movement of the DNA structures?

A

the nuclear membrane breaks down

69
Q

What does the nuclear membrane become after breaking down for mitosis/meiosis?

A

vesicles circulating in the cytoplasm

70
Q

What happens with the vesicles at the end of mitosis and meiosis?

A

they attach to the surface of the condensed chromosomes and eventually reform the nuclear envelope

71
Q

What are ribosomes made out of?

A

proteins and rRNA

72
Q

What do the specialized attachment sites on ribosomes’ two subunits allow?

A

multiple amino acids to be bonded into highly specific proteins

73
Q

Where may ribosomes be found in eukaryotic cells?

A

on the rough ER or free floating in the cytoplasm

74
Q

What kind of proteins do free ribosomes produce?

A

proteins that are used within the cell such as in the cytoskeleton

75
Q

Where are the proteins produced by ribosomes on the rough ER used?

A

in the nucleus, mitochondria, and in others

76
Q

What happens with proteins produced by ribosomes bound to membranes?

A

they are transported through the ER and are often exported from the cell

77
Q

What are secretory proteins produced by?

A

membrane-bound ribosomes

78
Q

What happens with secretory proteins?

A

They are sent to the golgi apparatus where they are packaged for cellular exit

79
Q

What are two examples of secretory proteins?

A

hormones and enzymes

80
Q

Which kind of cells typically have numerous sacs for the golgi apparatus?

A

Cells involved in producing and secreting substances

81
Q

What are the stacks of flattened sacs in the golgia apparatus called?

A

cisternae

82
Q

Which side of the golgi apparatus is the cis side?

A

the side close to the ER

83
Q

Which side of the golgi apparatus is the trans side?

A

the side directed towards the plasma membrane

84
Q

Which side of the golgi apparatus are protein or lipid-filled transport vesicles recieved on?

A

the cis side

85
Q

Why are the proteins or lipids modified as they move through the golgi apparatus?

A

so that they can carry out the specific function needed at that time

86
Q

When is the modified protein or lipid sent to the trans side of the golgi apparatus?

A

After they are packaged into vesicles

87
Q

What is often attached to the substance in the modification process in the golgi apparatus?

A

a signal chemical that directs the destination of the product

88
Q

After moving through the trans side of the golgi apparatus, what are some examples of what happens with the vesicles?

A

they may become lysosomes, they may return to the ER and they may leave the cell through exocytosis

89
Q

What are examples of vesicles?

A

peroxisomes, lysosomes, transport vesicles, and secretory vesicles

90
Q

What is contained in peroxisomes?

A

enzymes used to break down fatty acids

91
Q

What are contained in lysosomes?

A

enzymes for cellular digestion and for destroying defective/damaged organelles

92
Q

What do transport vesicles do?

A

move molecules within the cell

93
Q

What do secretory vesicles contain?

A

materials to be excreted from the cell such as neurotransmitters and hormones

94
Q

What are clathrins?

A

proteins in the cell membrane that anchor certain proteins to specific sites

95
Q

Where do clathrin proteins especially occur?

A

on the exterior plasma membrane in receptor-mediated endocytosis

96
Q

Why does clathrin proteins line coated pits?

A

to allow receptors to bind to specific molecules

97
Q

What happens when an appropriate collection of molecules occurs in the clathrin-lined pit?

A

The pit deepens and will eventually seal off forming a vesicle

IB Biology (9 decks)

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