Unit 4 aos 2 Flashcards
What is being mentally health
being mentally healthy is a psychological state of someone who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioural adjustment. these people will deal with stresses but will have adichie coping strategies
What are mental health problems
mental health problems is a negative disruption of an individuals usual level of social and emotional wellbeing, these last for longer periods of time (a week or longer)
What is resilience
Resilience is a characteristic of a mentally healthy person and is the ability to properly adapt to a stress and cope with adversity,
What is metal disorders
Mental disorders are combination of thoughts feeling and behaviours that normal functioning that cause significant distress and impair the ability to function in day to day life
what are internal factors
Internal factors are factors that influence mental health that come from within the person, these can be biological or physiological
what are external factors
External factors are factors that influence mental health that come from outside the person, these can be school, work or interpersonal relationships
What is functioning
functioning is a characteristic that contributes to being mentally healthy, and is in relation to mental health refers to how well an individual operates in their environment
What is wellbeing
wellbeing refers to our sense of “wellness” and how we feel about our own lives
What is social well being
social well-being is based on the ability to have satisfying relationships and interactions with others. this is a characteristic of being mentally healthy
What is emotional wellbeing
Emotional wellbeing is the ability to control and express our emotion appropriately. this is a characteristic of being mentally healthy.
what is the 4p factor model
the 4p model describes the four influences on mental health and occurrence or occurrence of mental health disorder. the 4p’s are predisposing risk factors, precipitating risk factors, perpetuating risk factors and protective factors.
What is a risk factor
a risk factor is any characteristic or event that increases the likelihood of mental disorders, the severity of mental health disorders or the hindrance of recovery
What is the predisposing risk factor
Predisposing risk factor is a an increases susceptibility to specific mental disorder . These are out of the persons control. an example of a predisposing risk factor, like having a family history of depression.
What are Precipitating risk factors
are stimuli or events that a person faces in their life that both increase the susceptibility to and contribute to the occurrence of developing a mental health disorder. an example of this is a loss of a relationship
what are Perpetuating risk factors
are stimuli or events that a person faces in their life that inhibit a person’s ability to recover from a mental health disorder for example someones gens stops them from reacting to a specific medication meaning they can’t get over the mental disorder
what are protective factors
protective factors are any characterise or event that reduces the likelihood of the occurrence of a mental mental disorder
What is Genetic vulnerability
Genetic vulnerability is a biological risk factor and means having a risk for developing a mental disorder due to one or more factors associated with genetics
What are some different biological risk factors
genetic vulnerability, poor response to medication, poor sleep and substance use.
What are psychological risk factors
psychological risk factors are risk factors that originate in the mind.
what are some examples of psychological risk factors
Rumination, impaired reasoning and memory, stress, poor self-efficacy,
What is self-efficacy
self-efficacy is an individual’s belief in their capacity to execute behaviours necessary to succeed or achieve a specific outcome
What is rumination
rumination involves repeatedly thinking about or dwelling on undesirable thoughts and feeling
What are social risk factors
Social risk factors are factors that effects our mental health that come from an external environment, these often interact with social and biological factors
What is disorganised attachment
attachment is a bond formed between an infant and another person, a disorganised attachment is an attachment characterised by inconsistency or contradictory behavour.
What is stigma
stigma is a sign of shame, disgrace or disapproval typically associated with a particular characteristic.
What are some examples of social risk factors
disorganised attachment, loss of a significant relationship, stigma as a barrier to accessing treatment,
What is a cumulative risk
is the accumulation of risk factors to mental health this can be biological, phycological and or social.
What is stress
Stress is a physiological state of arousal caused by internal or external stressors.
What is anxiety
anxiety is a state of involving feeling of apprehension, worry or uneasiness about the future
What is a phobia
phobia is an excessive or unreasonable reaction of fear to a particular object or situation
What are specific phobia
specific phobia is a disorder characterised by marked ear or anxiety about a specific object or situation.
What are the three types of factors that contribute to specific phobias
Biological, psychological and social factors.
what are the different biological factors
GABA dysfunction, role of stress response, long-term potentiation,
What is GABA dysfunction
GABA stands for gamma-amino butyric acid, this is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system it acts as the breaks on the brain, and when there is less of it present in the brain more extreme and unreasonable responses can occur eg phobia’s
what is long-term potentiation and how does it contribute to phobias
long-term potentiation is a biological factor that contributes to specific phobias, long-term potentiation is the strengthening of neural due to the use of them this can contribute to specific phobias as if someone is exposed to a stimulus and is consistent feels fear it strengthens the fear response causing the formation of a specific phobias.
What are psychological factors contributing to specific phobias
behavioural models and cognitive models
what is a behavioural model
behavioral models propose the notion that phobias are learned over time through experience and that they can change or be modified by the environment.
What is precipitation by classical conditioning
this was proven by the little Albert experiment and it states that phobias can be acq.
What is perpetuation by operant conditioning
That phobias are acquired and maintained through operant conditioning.
What are cognitive models
the cognitive model of phobias focuses on how the induvial processes the pobia, this model stated that we give us are phobias by the way we interpret object or situations.
What is cognitive bias
cognitive bias is the tendency to think in a way that involves errors in judgment and faulty decision making. which can lead to the incorrect and exaggeration of information that can cause phobias.
What is memory bias
memory bias refers to the distorting influences of present knowledge, believes and feelings on the recollection go previous experiences, this can make us think that what we experienced was worse then it actually was.
What is catastrophic thinking
catastrophic thinking is a thinking style which involves overestimating, exaggerating or magnifying an object or situation and imagining the worse possible outcome.
What are social factors that contribute to specific phobias.
specific environmental triggers and stigma an=round seeking treatment.
what are specific environment factors that can lead to specific phobias.
specific environment effects specific phobias as negative environments can cause our brains to associate that environment with the object or situation like a fear of heights stemming from being on a chair lift on windy day
what are biological interventions
biological interventions target bodily functions believed to cause phobia, an example of this is the use of benzodiazepine, benzodiazepine acts as GABA this calms you down and makes you less likely to to have an unreasonable reaction to objects or situations.
What are relaxation techniques
relaxation techniques promote relaxation, example of these are breathing retraining and exercise, they are a type of biological intervention
What is breathing retraining
breathing retraining or breathing training is a relaxation technique that involves teaching correct breathing habits to someone with a specific phobia. this is a biological intervention
cognitive behavioural therapy
Cognitive behavioural therapy is a type of psychotherapy based on the premise that the way a person thinks about something determines how they feel about it and respond to it. Therefore, if they change the way they think about it, they can then change their behaviour
Systematic desensitisation
systematic desensitisation is a phycological intervention that involves replacing the anxiety response to a specific fear with a relaxation response, they achieve this by utilizing classical conditioning. they present the phobia in a calm relaxing environment.
what is a fear hierarchy
a fear hierarchy is a major step in systematic desensitisation in which feared objects or situations are ranked in terms of least to most anxiety producing.
What is psychoeducation for families and supporters.
psychoeducation involves providing and educating the pietient on the mental disorder and the treats they have been diagnosed with.
What is resilience
resilience refers to the ability to cope with adversity and to ‘bounce back’ and restore positive functioning.
What are examples of biological protective factors
adequate diet, adequate sleep.
What are cognitive behavioural strategies
cognitive behavioural strategies are techniques drawn cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), they identify, asses, correct faulty patterns and problem behaviours that may be affecting metal health and wellbeing.
What are some examples of psychological protective factors.
cognitive behavioural strategies, are techniques drawn from cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) to identify, asses and correct faulty patterns of thinking or problem behaviours that may be affecting mental health.
What are social protective factors
social protective factors are protective factors that come from outside the person
What is social support.
social support generally refers to the assistance, carte or empathy provided by people to each other.
What is the transtheoretical model of behaviour change
The transtheoretical model is a stage-based model that describes and explains how people intentionally change their problem behavour.
What are the five stages of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change
Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance stage.
what is the Pre-contemplation stage
this is a stage that occurs before the change is considered often the behaviour is not considered problematic, effective strategies during this stage are further education and being mindful of their mindset
What is contemplation stage
contemplation stage is the stage in which the person is intending to change their behaviour within the next 6 months, these people know the positive effects of making the change and the challenges surrounding making the change. effective strategies during this stage include focusing on new positive outcomes for making the change and other that have made the change.
What is the preparation stage.
during this stage the individual is ready to make this change, they are thinking of making the change within the next 30 days. examples of this stage are involving health professionals and family about making the change.
what are effective strategies at preparation stage.
effective strategies include taking small initial steps, reassuring support from family and friends and focusing on how you will feel once the behaviour have been made.
What is the action stage
the action stage is making the change in your behaviour individuals in this stage have made specific behaviour modifications within the last 6 months. during this stage individuals learn how to strengthen their commitments to change and take actions against relapse.
What are effective strategies during the action stage
effective strategies at this stage include education, rewarding themselves and avoiding people or situations that tempt them to behave in unhealthy ways
What is maintenance/relapse stage.
maintenance is staying on track, this is after the behaviour has changed and without relapse for approximately 6 months or more
What are effective strategies during the maintenance stage
positive reinforcement and seeking out other people with positive behaviours like your own
What are strengths of the transtheoretical model
strengths of the transtheoretical model include, it has enabled more effective intervention to suit a person’s stage and readiness to change, the model suggests behaviour is continuous process, it takes individuals differences and is proven with research.
What are limitations of the transtheoretical model
the model only focuses on one behaviour and doesn’t consider confounding behaviours, doesn’t take into account the biopsychosocial issues related to the behaviour and there are not enough research on variables between stages.
