AOS 2 learning Flashcards
what is a memory and what analogy did hebb use
70 years ago Donald Hebb proposed that a memory is a group of neurons that form a neural pathway. the memory is like a company and the neurons are like the workers.
What was Hebb rule
Neurons that fire together wire together, so he thought that as a signal is sent across a synaptic gap it changes the structure of the synapse changes leading to communications being faster
What is neural plasticity and what are the two types
this can be the growth of a synapse when something is learned (long term potentiation) or weakening of a synaptic connection when memory is longer recalled
what is Long term Potentiation and what neurotransmitter contributes to it.
this is the strengthening of a neural connection or pathway, three factors influence this having more dendrites, more axon terminals and more nuero transmitter, this means that a signal is stronger, faster and more likely for the signal to be detected. this is mainly created through the use of Glutamate.
What is long term Depression and what neurotransmitter affects it.
this is the weakening of a neural connection or pathway, three factors influence this having less dendrites, more axon terminals and less nuero transmitter glutamat, this means that a signal is weaker, slower and less likely for the signal to be detected.
What is a neurohormone
a neurohormone is manufactured by neurons and excreted by the axon terminal into capillaries and then absorbed into the bloodstream then transported to their target neurons or cells, often these are slow acting.
what are the similarities and differences between neurotransmitters and neurohormones.
they are both chemical messages and are excreted by axon terminals however neurotransmitters and released into the synaptic cleft while hormones are secreted into the bloodstream
What is consolidation and how do we know this
Consolidation is the biological process of making a newly formed memory stable. Time is required after learning takes place to enable the new info to consolidate (‘set’) as durable long-term memory. this take 30 mins, we know this because shock therapy patients can’t remember 30 mins before the therapy
what are Emotionally arousing experiences
Emotionally arousing experiences are events that induce stress, often these are strong vivid memories, the stronger the emotion the more vivid the memory,
What makes a emotionally arousing memory
there are five steps after a emotionally arousing experience, first adrenaline is release, that cause noradrenaline, witch activates the amygdala, that triggers the hippocampus, witch finally encodes and stores the emotional memory.
what is learning
It is a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to and experience. learning is a ongoing life long process.
what is conditioning
a condition is any learned response, this can be classical or operant.
what is classical conditioning
it is a learned response when two stimuli are repetitively paired until a response first elicited by the second stimuli is eventually elicited by the first stimuli.
Who found classical conditioning and how
it was ivan pavlov in 1899 when he was experimenting on the digestive systems of dogs. he found that dogs started to salivated before the food was placed in their mouth and that they were anticipating the food at the sight and sound of the lab technicians
what was ivan pavlov’s experiment
he tested classical conditioning and he experiment on dogs, first he attached measuring cylinders to the dog salivation glands then rang a bell and he fed the dogs some food, he repeated this many times over until the dog began to salivate at only the sound of the bell. later he took the food away, and tested if the conditioning was perminate witch it wasn’t, then he gave them food again to see if they would begin salivating again.
look at the table about the different stimulus’s in your book (pavlov classical Conditioning)
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what are the three stages of classical conditioning
before conditioning where the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is presented. during conditioning when the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are repeatedly paired. after conditioning when the neutral stimulus causes the conditioned response and it becomes the conditioned stimulus
what are the three stages of classical conditioning explain with relation to pavlov’s experiments
before conditioning, the bell is rung and the food is presented witch causes salivation. during conditioning, the bell is rung half a second before the food is presented witch causes salivation. after conditioning the bell is rung and the dog salivates
what is stimulus discrimination
When the person or animal only has a conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus but not to similar stimuli.
What is stimulus generalisation
when the person or animal produces a conditioned response to stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus
What is extinction
when the person or animal decreases the strength of rate of the conditioned response when the unconditioned response is not present.
What is spontaneous recovery
after extinction and a rest period has taken place, spontaneous recovery is when the conditioned stimulus is reintroduced and it produces the conditioned response
Read the power point on classical conditioning, pg 34-46 about the little albert experiment
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what is operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is a type of learning where a stimulus is associated with a behavior with a consequence that influences how likely they person or animal with repeat the process
what are the phases of operant conditioning
operant conditioning have three phases the A-B-C model, antecedent is the stimuli, B is the behaviour and C is the consequence this can be positive more likely to repeat the behaviour or negative less likely
What is reinforcement
reinforcement is the positive consequence in operant conditioning, reinforcement can also be positive giving something like money for working or negative taking away something like doing your homework means you don’t have to wash the dishes
What is punishment
Punishment is a negative consequence in operant conditioning, Punishment can also be positive giving something like yelling at you for doing the wrong thing or negative taking away something like your internet privileges
What is observational learning
A theory of learning that focusses on the active role of children learning through the observation of their environment
What are the five stages of observational learning
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation and reinforcement
What is attention
Attention is when the person observes the role model.
What is retention
retention is the person remembering the models behavior
What is reproduction
knowing is the person has the physical and metal capabilities to achieve the task.
What is motivation
motivation is a reason to act in a particular way
what is reinforcement (observational learning)
Reinforcement influences the motivation to reproduce the observed behavior and increases the likelihood to reproduce the behavior
What are the three types of reinforcement (observational learning)
Vicarious when the learner is indirectly conditioned by observing someone else’s conditioning, External reinforcement learning by operant conditioning and self reinforcement when we meet certain standards set by ourselves.
read up on the bobo experiment in the text book.
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What is memory according to Atkinson-shiffrin
Memory is thee process of Encoding converting info for storage, Storing info retained in memory and Retrieving info is recovered from memory
look at the atkinson model in the text book
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What are the different types of memory
sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory
What is sensory memory
sensory memory is all sensory memory that is being detected by the body, this can be internal or external and it has almost limitless capacity, sensory memory is made up of iconic visual info lasts for 0.2-0.4 seconds and echoic memory all auditory info lasts for 3-4 seconds
What is short term memory
Short term memory is a store of memory that hold info that has been paid attention to this can be manipulated (changed or added to). this can store 5-9 items of information and only lasts for 18-30 seconds info that has not been encoded is lost (decayed or Displaced)
What is long term memory
Long term memory is a relatively permanent storage of memory with potentially unlimited amount of storage.
What are the different types of long term memory
The LTM can be split into two different types, Explicit and implicit
What is Explicit memory
Explicit memory is info that is consciously recalled and is made of two different types of memory semantic facts and knowledge and episodic personal events
What implicit Memory
Implicit memory is info that is unconsciously recalled and is made of two different types of memory Procedural motor skills and classically conditioned memories
What are the different brain regions involved in memory
Cerebral cortex, cerebellum, amygdala and hippocampus
What does the Cerebral cortex do in relation to memory
Long term memory stores explicit memory and stores it through the different lobes, frontal lobe stores language, images of the event are stored in the occipital lobe, and sounds of the event are stored in the temporal lobe
What does the hippocampus do in relation to memory
The hippocampus encodes explicit information from the STM to the LTM
What does the amygdala do in relation to memory
The amygdala adds emotional context to memories ( any memory that induces stress in the organism) this can be anysort of memory that has an emotional response with in the body except for procedural Read the power point about it
What does the cerebellum do in term of memory
it is directly involved in the encoding and storage of implicit memories procedural and classically conditioned reflexes.
What are the different methods of retrieval
the three main ones are recall, recognition, relearning and the other one is reconstruction
What is Recall
Recall can be free recall, participants are asked to remember as much info in no particular order, serial recall, participants are asked to recall info in a specific order and cued recall, witch is when the participants are given cues to help them remember
What is recognition
Recognition involves participants identifying correct info from incorrect alternatives
What is relearning
involves relearning information previously memorized
read Pg 375 in text book
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What are savings
savings are measured in percent of info retained
What is reconstruction
when you combine stored info with available info to form a ‘new’ memory
