Unit 4 Aos 1 Flashcards
What Is consciousness
Consciousness is Our awareness of our internal and external environments at any given time
What is the consciousness stream
William James described consciousness as the flow of thoughts in our conscious mind
Consciousness as a Psychological construct
Consciousness is a psychological construct because we believe that it exists but we can’t measure its effects
What is a state of consciousness
A state of consciousness is the level of awareness an organism has at any given moment.
What is Normal waking consciousness
Normal waking consciousness is the state of consciousness that we are in most of the day it is a state characterised by clear and organised alertness of internal and external stimuli
What is attention and what are the different types of attention
Attention is the concentration of mental activity that focuses on specific stimuli while ignoring others. The two different types of attention are selective attention (focusing on one stimuli) and divided attention usually used during normal waking consciousness (focuses on multiple stimuli
What are Altered states of consciousness and what are the different types
Altered states of consciousness are any state of consciousness other then normal waking consciousness. you can have naturally occurring ASC’s that happen naturally with no conscious effort such as day dreaming or induce ASC’s any state of consciousness that were intentionally produced
What are the different types of tests used to study consciousness
Consciousness is measured using three different types of tests, measurements of physiological responses, measurement of performance on cognitive tasks and subjective reporting of consciousness.
What is the EEG?
The EEG or electroencephalograph (is an objective measure of consciousness and physiological response) is a device that measure physiological responses, it amplifies and records general patterns of the electrical activity in the brain particularly in the cerebral cortex. This device sits on the scalp of the patient with electrodes on varying places covering the head
What are the advantages and limitations of the EEG?
Advantages of the EEG are, it’s a non invasive, objective measuring tool that is great at detecting abnormalities in the brain or the time of changes in consciousness, som limitations of the EEG are, it only detects electrical activity in the surface of the brain.
What are Beta waves
beta waves have high frequency and low amplitude and are irregular. Beta wave are commonly associated with normal waking consciousness and focus attention
What are alpha wave.
Alpha have a high frequency (but slower then beta) and low amplitude (but larger then Beta). these waves are associated with a calm or relaxed state of mind.
What are Theta Waves
Theta waves have a medium frequency and a mixture of high and low amplitude waves. they are associated with drowsiness, falling, waking up, excitement and deep meditation.
What are delta waves
Delta have the lowest frequency but the highest amplitude and are associated with deepest stages of sleep including REM.
what effect do stimulant drugs have on your brain waves
stimulants cause an increase in central nervous system active and an elevated state of consciousness. the increase of high frequency brainwaves and a decrease in in frequency brain waves, specifically when a stimulant is taken beta waves increase while delta, alpha and theta waves all decrease
what effect do depressants drugs have on your brain waves
Depressants are drugs that decrease the central nervous system activity and results in a calm or relaxed state. depressants also cause an decrease in high frequency brain wave such as beta and an increase in low frequency brainwave such as delta, alpha and theta
What do speed and accuracy mean in terms of cognitive abilities
speed means your response or reaction time to specific stimuli. while accuracy means the number of correct to incorrect responses with no time limit.
What is the Electromyograph (EMG)
the EMG (is an objective measure of consciousness and physiological response) is use to detect amplify and recorded the electrical activity of muscles as well as the strength of the electrical signal. these machines are placed on the skin above the relevant muscles.
What is the Electro-oculography (EOG)
The EOG (is an objective measure of consciousness and physiological response) detects amplifies and recorded the electrical activity of the muscles around the eye. this is done by placing the electrodes on the areas of the face around the eye
What are measures to record consciousness
You have two different ways of measuring consciousness, objective measure like the EEG or EOG objective measures or subjective like that of sleep diaries and video monitoring.
What are sleep diaries
Sleep diaries are a subjective measure of consciousness and involves self reporting sleep wake times over an extended period of time.
What is video monitoring
Video monitoring is an subjective measure of consciousness that is often used to observer sleep disorders or disturbances, this involves setting up a camera to observe sleep.
What are the seven phycological characteristics of consciousness
Attention, controlled and automatic processes, content limitations, Perceptual and cognitive distortions, emotional awareness, self-control and time orientation.
what is attention
attention is a concentration of mental activity on specific stimuli, attention can be split up into two different types, selective attention is focusing on one stimuli while ignoring others (focus attention) or divided attention focusing your attention to two or more stimuli (normal waking consciousness)
What is controlled processes
this can be controlled processes activities requiring high metal effort and automatic processes activities requiring little mental effort and do not interfere with performance of other activities. when there are more then one cognitive task presented at once automatic processes take over controlled.
What are content limitations
refers to the type of information held in consciousness
in normal waking consciousness we have more restricted through processes, while in an ASC we don’t and we let are mind run free.
what are perceptual and cognitive distortions
Perceptual distortions refer to the dulling or exiting of our senses, and cognitive is to our mind processes (memory, reasoning, learning, judgment, thoughts and problem solving). NWC is when ether of these are impaired or exited
What is emotional awareness
emotional awareness refers to the ability to read others emotions and control our own. in normal waking consciousness we can predict others emotions and can control our own, ASC is the opposite like going over the top.
What is self-control
self-control refers to our ability to control our bodies and metal processes. NWC when we can control our bodies and how we think ASC is when we can’t
What is time orientation
time orientation refers to our awareness of time and it’s passing. NWC is when we can ASC is when we can’t
Read about specific drugs in week three power point
do it
What is the circadian Rhythms
circadian Rhythms are biological processes that follow a 24 hour cycle, one of these is the sleep wake cycle.
What is the sleep wake cycle
this is controlled by our biological clock in our hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) this receives information from the optic nerve about the abound of light in our surroundings, then the SNC tells the pineal gland to release more or less melatonin
What are Ultradian rethyms
biological rhythms that take up less then 24 hour some examples are eye blinks, heartbeats and sleep patterns
What is the sleep cycle
the sleep cycle is an ultradian rhythm that consists of stages one two, three and four then REM sleep this takes up approximately 90 minutes and we will on average have five of these a night look at diagram in week four powerpoint
What is NREM sleep
NREM or non rapid eye movement has four stages your heart and breathing progressively gets slower, is for the most part dream free, take vigorous stimulation to wake up and physical activity tend to promote more NREM
What is stage one of sleep
stage one is NREM and is the falling asleep part of sleep, this occur as you start to relax and usually takes two to ten minuets, your heart rate slows, breathing becomes irregular and muscles relax, low medium amplitude and medium high frequency alpha brain waves, and you can experience hypnotic jerks that can wake you up this is light sleep and you are easily to wake up
What is Stage two of sleep
Body temp lowers, breathing and heart slow down, you can be waken to loud noises. you have theta waves. and you have sleep spindles the are bursts of high frequency brain waves, and K-complex are high amplitude bursts of brain waves this lasts for 20-30 mins
What is stage three of sleep
theta waves continue and delta start to apare you experience a further loss of consciousness this lasts 3-10 mins
What is stage four of sleep
deep sleep about one hour after falling asleep, almost pure delta waves, it’s hard to wake from this stage and, sleep waking bed wetting, night terrors all occur here this lasts about 20-30 mins
What is REM sleep
REM is rapid eye movement thi sbegins about 90 mins after falling asleep, the body get paralysed and your brain waves are beta like waves or awake this lasts for about 90 mins a night, people in stressful situations experience more REM sleep, most dreams occur during this stages and over the night lasts about 90 mins
What is the restoration theory of sleep
the restoration theory states that we sleep as a way of phycological and psychological resource. this theory says that NREM sleep replenishes the body while REM replenishes the mind
What supports the Restoration theory of sleep NREM
evidence to support the restoration theory is that we feel tired when going to sleep and refreshed when waking up, many physiologic activities slow down during sleep indicating rest or repair, people and animals that sleep less have worse immune systems, young people do more physical activity and have more sleep, people that do strenuous physical activity sleep more and NT adenosine is released when we exercise which make us feel sleepy
What supports the Restoration theory of sleep REM
the restoration theory states that REM sleep is needed to replenish phycological resources evidence for this include, REM sleep increases in times of development, REM increase is stressful situations and in emotional problems and sleep increase mood and awareness
What are criticisms of the restoration theory
criticisms of the restoration theory are that we only gain more sleep when we do lots of strenuous physical activity, people that do less exercise need the same sleep as people that do an average amount and the our mind is very much active during sleep during REM sleep
What is the evolutionary theory of sleep
the evolutionary theory of sleep states that we sleep when we do not engage in survival activities such as hunting or gathering.
What supports the evolutionary theory of sleep
evidence that supports the evolutionary theory of sleep is that larger animals that need to eat more spend more time awake to eat while animals that eat less sleep more, sleep differs depending on the prey vulnerability to predators, small animals are vulnerable to predators so they sleep longer to hide safely away while large prey like deer sleep less so that they are not vulnerable to predators and beers and lions sleep even less, sleep conserves energy sleeping conserves energy as when you sleep your metabolic rates slows.
What are some criticisms of the evolutionary theory
some criticisms of the theory include, ius states that sleep is useful but not essential however all species need to sleep not matter the amount of food or danger that they are in and that the assumption that sleep is a easy way to safely hide when actually lose consciousness can be more dangerous then not
what does sleep across the human life span look like
sleep as a general trend decreases as well as the ratio of REM to NREM this ratio has a massive decrease in the first couple year of our live then stays relatively the same
What does sleep for newborns and infants look like
Babies grow and learn alot in their first couple of years and therefore new approximately 16 hours of sleep a day with about a 50/50 split of REM to NREM sleep, it is believed that new borns lack to capability for extended NREM sleep, by the end of infancy sleep take about 12-13 hours of sleep
What does sleep for children look like
children sleep for about 10-11 hours a day, amount in REM drops to 25-20% and children continue to nap until 3-5 years old
What does sleep for adolescents look like
adolescents need about 9 hours of sleep with a 20% REM sleep, sleep wake cycles mean that teen get sleepy later in the day.
What does sleep for adults
adults need about 7-8 hours of sleep a day adults often don’t get this sleep, however some adults can sleep 6 hours a day and feel fine
What does sleep for elderly
the elderly sleep for about 6 hours a day with 20% REM sleep but with only 4 stages and they tend to take more naps during the day
What is a sleep disorder
a sleep disorder is a condition that consistently disrupts the normal NREM-REM sleep cycle
What are circadian Phase disorders
a circadian Phase disorder is a sleep disorder that disturbs a persons ability to sleep and wake for the periods of time necessary to maintain good health caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors.
What are the symptoms and effects of circadian Phase disorders
difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep chronic tiredness during waking hours, now feeling well after waking up,
What are some treatments for CPSD
CPSDs are treated by teaching a person correct sleep hygiene techniques, external stimulus therapy such as light therapy, and taking melatonin supplements
what is the adolescence sleep wake shift
teens circadian rhythm is shifted back approximately 2 hours both there melatonin and cortisol, meaning the feel sleepy about 11, and awake at 10
What is shift work
humans are not nocturnal creatures and yet some people must sleep during the day and wake during night meaning they miss out on crucial sleep and have to constantly change they internal body clock, this prevents their bodies from using environmental factors as indicators as when to sleep.
What is jet lag
is rapid time zone change, our bodies can only adjust about one hour every nigh of sleep with means that Meany flights are sleep deprived leading to all of the effects of sleep deprivation.
what are the effects of sleep deprivation
effects of sleep deprivation include, moodiness, less emotional control, poor physical capabilities, lessen reaction time, poor phycological abilities.
