AOS 1 the Nervous system Flashcards
what is RPC
R is the nervous system receiving information (PNS) this can come from outside sources like light hitting you eyes or internal sources like your organs, P is when the nervous system processes the information (CNS) this can happen consciously or unconsciously and C is coordinates so moves something or uses a bodily function consciously or unconsciously.
What is an example of RPC
You see a cupcake (receiving), you think that it will taste good (processes) so you eat it (coordination)
what is conscious response
when a sensory stimulus is reacted upon by a voluntary movement.
what is an unconscious response
when a sensory stimulus is reacted upon by an involuntary movement.
Watch this.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPix_X-9t7E&t=180s&ab_channel=CrashCourse
what is in the CNS
The brain and spinal cord
what does the brain do
the brain processes most sensory information and outputs motor information and is responsible for thoughts and behaviour
What is the spinal cord
The spinal cord is a long cable of nerve tissue, the information highway it carries Afferent information to the brain and efferent information to the PNS
What does S.A.M.E stand for
S (sensory) A (afferent) M (motor) E (Efferent) so sensory nerves are afferent and motor nervous are Efferent.
What is the Spinal cord reflex
The Spinal cord reflex is an involuntary action that involves the spinal cord intersecting the information and moving the body to safety, this greatly decreases the time it takes to reacted to a stimulus.
what is an example of the spinal reflex.
If you were to place your hand on a hot surface you would move your hand straight away without realizing it.
what are the three types of nerves and what do they do
Sensory nerves (pick up changes in their environment and send it to the brain), inter nerves (process information and coordinates the body) and motor nerves ( take motor information from the brain and move your body)
what does the sympathetic nervous system do
It speeds everything up and stops things like the stomach.
what does the Parasympathetic nervous system do
it calms you down and returns you to normal
What does the structure of a neuron look like
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/overview-of-neuron-structure-and-function
What is a synapses/synaptic cleft
The synapses is the gap between the dendrite an the axon terminals, and it is where the nerves communicate using a chemicals called neurotransmitters.
How do neurons communicate
They communicate using neurotransmitters that are stored in vesicles in the presynaptic terminal button, the neurotransmitters are sent across the synaptic cleft and are received by the postsynaptic neuron’s terminals.
What are the different types of neurotransmitters
You can have excititories which increases the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron firing. There is also inhibitors, that lessen the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron firing.
What are some examples of excitatory and inhibitory.
an example of an excitatory is Glutamate, and example of an inhibitory is GABA Gammo Aminobutyric Acid.
What are side effects of prolonged excitatory or inhibitory use.
To much of ether can lead to your brain becoming resistant to the chemical so it has no effect, exititories can cause nerve damage stopping a neuron from firing, inhibitory can cause stress anxiety and depression.
What is a chronic illness
a chronic illness in a long term life threatening condition.
What is Parkinson’s Disease
PD is a neurocognitive Disorder that effect motor movement and control.
What are symptoms of PD
PD can cause tremors, stiffness or slowness in moving, it can also cause phycological problems like depression and anxiety.
What causes PD
We don’t know exactly what causes it but people with PD have unusually low levels of dopamine, Dopamine is produced by the Substantia Nigra, only 15% of PD cases are genetic.
What are treatments of PD.
PD is treatable with levodopa this turns into Dopamine in the brain, another treatment of PD is deep brain stimulus witch stimulates the Basal Ganglia.
What is dopamine
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that communicates motor information between the Substantia Nigra and the Basel Ganglia.
what type of Neurotransmitter is dopamine
It is an excitatory and an inhibitory based on witch path it takes, direct is excitatory and indirect it is an inhibitory.
What is stress
Stress is a physiological state caused by internal or external stressors.
What is a stressors
Anything that causes stress in a person.
What are the types of stressors and give examples.
There are two different types of stressors internal and external, internal are mental like thinking that you don’t look as good as others, an external is something like having to much homework.
What are the different types of stress
Acute stress is small stress like scoring a goal in a game, chronic stress is long term stress and has bad syderphects.
How can we perceive stress
We can perceive stress as, Eustress and Distress, Eustress is good like going on a rollercoaster so exciting or rush, distress is unwanted like being stressed out about a family member leaving the house hold this is perceived as stress or anxiety. Each type of stress is characterised by what you think of them, eustress
what is the GAS model
GAS model is the General Adaption Syndrome that looks at the effects of short term and long term effecets.
how and who made the GAS Model
Hans Selye in the 1930’s, he experimented primarily on rats and exposed them to tail pulling, exposure to heat and cold, mild electric shocks, bacterial and infection strenuous exercise and forced restraint for variating lengths of time to see the effects.
what does the GAS model tell us
The GAS model shows that we all experience stress the same way and our body can’t tell the difference between eustress and distress.
what are the three stages of the GAS model and what are they.
alarm reaction, this is made of shock where are body freezes and counter shock when our body fights or runs, this happens with in a second.
Resistance, when your body activates the sympathetic nervous doing all that good stuff, like releasing cortisol for concentration.
Exhaustion this is the stage with side effects if cortisol is continued to be released then you can experience, weakened immune system, neuron damage, heart disease and even death.
What are the strengths of the GAS model
some strengths include, lots of data, repeatable experiments and proven side effects.
what are some limitations of the GAS model.
it only looks at the biological effects of stress and nothing on metal and all evidence is based on rats not people.
What are some factors that affect how we perceive stress.
some factors that affect how we perceive stress are prior experience (if we have dealt with this kind of stress before), Attitude (do we think that it is excitement or stress) and coping skills (things like breathing or meditation).
What is the Transactional model of stress and coping
The Transactional model of stress and coping is a model that tracks our perception, processing and coping mechanisms of stress in humans. The model only looks at the physiological side of stress.
who and how was the transactional model of stress made.
Lazarus and Folkman developed the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping in 1984, it was made by testing on humans.
look at the powerpoint pages 110-114
good
What are the strengths of the transactional model of stress
it shows us that we perceive stress in different ways, that our perception of stress can change over time, it explains we people perceive stress differently and it shows that stressors that are presented differently changes our perception of them.
what are some limitations of the transactional model of stress
most of our mental processes are subconscious so we don’t know everything that is happening, it overlooks our physiological processes, it is difficult to test and primary and secondary appraisal can happen at the same time.
What is a coping strategy for stress
A coping strategy is an action, physical or phycological that when used it will manare or reduce the stress produced by a stressor.
What are the three types of coping strategies used for stress
Approach, avoidance and exercise.
what is the approach coping strategy for stress
When you directly try to reduce or manage the stressor for example, booking a therapy session, problem solve to find a solution like studying for an exam or accepting responsibility for your actions.
What is the Avoidance coping strategy for stress
this involves focusing away from the stressor EG playing a video game, reading your book or just thinking of something else.
What are some strengths and disadvantages to the avoidance strategy
some strengths of the avoidance strategy is it reduces stress, you can focus on other stressors and is best used when you don’t have the resources to deal with the stressor as trying to in that situation can make things much worse, some disadvantages of the avoidance strategy is that it’s maladaptive, only works short term and can cause more serious metal health problems.
What are some strengths of disadvantages to the Approach coping system
some strengths of the approach system is that it has the opinion of solving the problem fast, fewer psychological symptoms and is overall more effective some weaknesses of the approach system is that it can increase stress short term and requires dedicated focus and energy.
what is the exercise coping system of stress
exercise coping system is doing exercise this can use up the bodies stress hormone (adrenaline), releases mood enhancing beta-endorphins that make you feel good, is good for your body and can be a distraction from stressors.
what dictates how effective a stress coping strategy is
it depends of the demands of the situation so eating food doesn’t feel you with studying and one’s ability to adapt to a situation so realising that you to tired to do study and go to sleep
What is context specific effectiveness
it is whether or not a coping strategy can be effectively applied to a situation with the result of fixing the stressor, a context specific effectiveness coping strategy must take into account the environment, the level of threat posed by the stressor and the persons coping resources.
What is an example of a context specific effective coping strategy
is you have a running race in 1 month and you decide to use some of your free time training so you can feel more confident and less stressed
what is coping flexibility
coping flexibility is the ability to change your coping strategy depending on the context and effectiveness of your coping strategy
what is an example coping flexibility
when ignoring your studies only makes things worse you have to be able to change your coping strategy
