Unit 4 Flashcards by travis shook

What are the Major layers of the heart

Endocardium
Myocardium
Pericardium

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What are the layers of the Endocardium

Endothelium
Subendothelial layer
Subendocardial layer

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What type of Tissue makes up the Endothelium

Simple Squamous

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What tissues make up the Sub Endothelial layer of the endocardium

Loose Ct = Fibroelastic
Dense Irregular (collagen 1 + elastic + smooth muscle)

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What special fibers are found in the subendocardial layer

Purkinjefibers

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Why are myofibrils in purkinje fibers peripherally placed

Because of the glycogen in the purkinje fibers displace the myofibrils

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What attaches Purkinje fibers together

Gap junctions and Macula adherens

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What is different in the fiber composition in the atrial myocardium vs the ventricle

Atria = more elastic fibers
Ventricle = Lots of muscles

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What is found on the transverse portion of intercalated discs

Macula adherens

Fascia adherens

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What is found on the longitudinal portion of intercalated discs

Large gap junctions

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What are the functions of Intercalated discs

Attach cardiac myocytes
Stabilize myofibrils
Cell to cell communication

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What part of the intercalated discs attach cardiac myocytes together

Macula adherens

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What part of the intercalated discs stabilize myofibrils

Fascia adherens

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What part of the intercalated discs provide cell to cell communication

Large gap junctions

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What does SNS activation of cardiac muscles do

Increase HR

Increase contraction force

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What does Para symp activation of cardiac muscle do

Slow HR

Decrease contraction force

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What specialized cells in the atria and septum of the heart release hormones

Myoendocrine cells

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What is the function of the Myoendocrine

Fluid and electrolyte balance

Decrease BP

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What layer of the heart are myoendocrine cells found

Myocardium

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What are the two parts of the pericardium

Serous Pericardium

Parietal pericardoum

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What are the two parts of the Serous or parietal pericardium

Epicardium

Mesothelium

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What make up with Sub-epicardial layer of the epicardium

Coronary vessels
Nerves
Adipose

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What does the mesothelium of the percardium do

Secrete a serous lubricating fluid

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What makes the parietal pericardium so strong

It is a layer of fibroelastic CT

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How much fluid is in the pericardial sac

15-50ml

What are heart valves made up of

Endothelium with dense irregular Ct below

What type of fibers make up the dense irregular CT of a heart valve

Collagen 1 and elastic fibers

What is the cardiac skeleton

High density CT layer of the heart that forms and anchors valves

What is the cardiac skeleton made up of

Dense irregular CT

What are the three main components of the Cardiac skeleton

Annuli fibrosi Trigonum fibrosum Septum membranaceum

Where is the annuli fibrosi

the base of aorta and pulmonary artery

Where is the trigonum fibrosum

Cusps of aortic valve

Where is the septum membranaceum

Upper portion of the interventricular septum

What is the function of the septum membranaceum

Provide an origin and insertion for cardiac monocytes

What type of CT are chordae tendinae

Dense regular

What is the function of the Cardiac Skeleton

Ensure individual chamber contractions

What is chest pain brought on by exertion

Angina

What causes angina

Progressive narrowing or coronary vessels = Less O2

What is an abnormal heart rhythem

Dysrthmia

What Blood vessel layer is a continuation of the Endocardium of the heart

Tunica intima

What blood vessel layer is continuation of the Myocardium of the heart

Tunica media

What blood vessel layer is a continuation of the Epicardium of the heart

Tunica Adventitia

What are elastic arteries also called

Conducting arteries

What are examples of conducting arteries (elastic arteries)

Aorta Common iliacs Carotid Subclavian

What is the most dominant layer in an artery

Tunica Media

What layer of elastic arteries has fenestrated sheets of elastic fibers

Tunica media

What layer of arteries contain numerous Vasa Vasorum

Tunica adventicia

What are vasa vasorum

Small blood vessels supplying large blood vessels

What is the tunica intima mainly made up of

Thick connective tissue with collagen 1 fibers

What is another name for muscular arteries

Distributing arteries

What layer is the largest in arteries

Tunica media

What layer within the tunica intima of muscular arteries is well developed

Internal elastic lamina

What type of tissue makes up the tunica intima

Endothelium

What type of muscle is found in the tunica media of muscular arteries

Circular smooth muscle

What type of tissue makes up most of the tunica adventicia of arteries

Fibrous Connective tissue

Arteriole structure is similar to muscular artery structure except for

Arterioles do not have elastic laminae

What layer of the artery is most likely to be affected by atherosclerosis

Tunica intima

What layer is missing in metaarterioles

Tunica media

What controls blood flow into true capillaries

Pre-Capillary sphincters

Where can you find Ateriovenous anastomosis (AV shunts)

SKin Stomach Erectile tissue

What influences capillary flow

Metarterioles Shunts Lumen size Precapillary sphincters

What is the function of pinocytotic vesicles in capillaries

Restricts diffusion of large M/C

What is the function of Fasciae occludens in capillaries

Move macromolecules | Allow cell movement

What are the three types of capillaries

Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal

What is the most common type of capillary

Continuous

What type of capillaries contain pericytes

Continuous

What replaces Fasciae Occludens in CNS capillaries

Zonula occludens

What is thee function of Pericytes

Healing | Regulate Blood flow

Where are Fenestrated Capillaries located

Pancreas Intestines Endocrine organs Kidneys

What type of capillaries have thin protein diaphragms

Fenestrated Capillaries

What is the function of Fenestrated capillaries

Allow greater movement of molecules in cells

Where are sinusoidal capillaries located

Bone marrow Liver Spleen Lymphatics

What is different between fenestrated capillaries and sinusoidal capillaries

Sinusoidal capillaries have holes (fenestration) but no diaphragm

What type of capillaries have the greatest exchange between blood and tissues

Sinudoidal capillaries

What are valves in veins made up of

Two flaps of tunica intima and fibroelastic tissue

What is the function of a valve in a vein

Prevent backflow

What keeps blood moving in veins

Skeletal muscles

What layers are in postcapillary venules

Tunica intima

Collecting venules contain what luminal wall layers

Tunica intima | Tunica adventitia

What veins contain all three luminal wall layers

Muscular venules

What veins have the most pericytes

Postcapillary veins

What veins have the least amount of pericytes

Muscular veins

What is the structure of small veins

Similar to venules except they have a complete tunica media

What veins contain numerous vavles

Medium veins

What layer is the thickest in medium veins

Tunica adventitia

What is different in the tunica intima between large veins and medium veins

Large veins have a thicker CT layer in the tunica intima

Which luminal wall layer is well developed in superficial veins of the legs

Tunica media

Which luminal wall layer is well developed in pulmonary veins

Tunica media

What veins contain some cardiac muscle in the tunica adventitia

Pulmonary | Superior and inferior vena cava

What is the function of Lymphatic vessels

Drain excess fluid Transport lymph to nodes Transport lymph to blood stream

Do lymphatic capillaries have paeicytes

Do lymphatic capillary endothelial cells have tight junctions

DO lymphatic capillary endothelial cells have anchoring filaments

yes

What luminal wall layers to medium and large lymphatic vessels contain

All three

What component of lymphatic vessels support endothelia walls so capillaries stay open

Anchoring filaments

what allows movement across lymphatic vessels

Clefts formed by overlapping endothelial cells

What redicects blood away from capillary beds

AVA shunts

What structure in the tunica adventitia supplies cells with the materials they need to survive

Vasa vasorum

What is associated with vessels called thoroughfare channels

Metarterioles

What is the tunica media of Elastic arteries mainly made up of

Fenestrated elastic laminae

What is the tunica media of muscular arteries mainly made up of

Smooth muscle