Unit 1 Flashcards by travis shook

What are the 4 basic types of tissue

Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle

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What are the general functions of epithelium

Absorption
Secretion
Protectoin

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What are the basic characteristics of epithelium

1) Cells are adjacent to each other
2 )Assiciated with a complete or partial basement membrane
3) Avascular
4) Associated with vascular connective tissue

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What are the functions of the basement membrane

Surface for attachemtn
Molecular filter
Limits stretching
directs migration of cell

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How to epithelial cells get nutrition

Diffusion

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Why is epithelial tissue associated with Vascular connective tissue

To get nutrition

for a source of defensive cells

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What holds cells together

Cell junctions

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What are the types of cell junctions

Zonula Occludens
Zonula Adherens
Macula Adherens
Gap Junctions

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What are Zonula Occludens

Junction that allows for intrinsic membrane proteins between cells

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What are the functions of Zonula Occludens

Provide strong attachment

Prevents passage of material between cells

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What is the function of Zonula Adherens

Strong attachment

Provide cell structural stability

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What are the regions of a zonula Adherens

Cadherins (linkage)
Marginal bands (attach cytoskeleton to cell membrane)

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What is the function of Macula Adherens

Provide strong attachment

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What is the function of a gap junction

Strong attachment

Transport materials between cells

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What makes up a gap junction

6 connexins (proteins) arranged in a cylinder

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What is the order of structures that make up a Junctional complex

Zonula Occludens
Zonula Adherens
Macula Adherens

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What do Hemidesmosomes do

Connect epithelial cells to the basal lamina

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What are focal point contacts

Integrin binds to a structural Connective tissue glycoproteins and also connects to cytoskeleton

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What is Bullous Pemphgoid

Autoimmune skin disease causing blistering lesions

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What causes Bullous pemphgoid

Antibodies bind to proteins in hemidesmosomes

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What is Pemphigus Vulgaris

An autoimmune disease causeing blisters that do NOT heal, can be fatal (bleeding)

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What causes Pemphigus vulgaris

Antibodies bind to some parts of desmosomes

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What is Cholera

Bacterial infection of small intestines

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What causes Cholera

Toxins disrupt zonula occludens, allows for water + electrolytes loss from connective tissue below epithelium

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What are the types of epithelium

Simple epithelium | Stratified Epithelium

What are the types of Simple Epithelium

Simple Squamous Simple Cuboidal Simple Columnar Ciliate pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Where are Simple Squamous cells found

Lungs Kidney Serosa

What is the function of Simple Squamous

Absorption/diffusion

Where can you find Simple cuboidal cells

Exocrine ducts | Kidney tubules

What are the different cell types of Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Goblet cells Ciliated Columnar cells Basal cells

What is the function of Goblet cells

Produce mucus

What type of cell has varying heights and have the appearance of stratified epithelium

Ciliated Pseudostratified epithelium

What is the function of Ciliated columnar cells

Move mucus over cells

What is the function of basal cells

The be the stem cell for the epithelium

What are the different surface specializations of epithelium

Microvilli Sterocilia Cilia Glycocalyx

What is the function of microvili

Increase SA + Absorption

What is the function of Sterocilia

Increase SA

What is the function of Cilia

Move something over a surface

What is the difference between Sterocilia and Cilia

Sterocilia are rigid with an actin core and cant move

What block the free surface of epithelium from absoption or secreting

Basal bodies

What is the layer of glycoproteins and carbohydrates that cover some epithelium

GLycocalyx

What is the function of the glycocalyx

Protection | Cell recognition

What are the types of Stratified Epithelium

``` Stratified Squamous Keratinized Stratified Squamous Stratified Cuboidal Stratified Columnar Transitional ```

What is the function of Stratified Squamous

Protection from Friction

What is the problem with Stratified squamous epithelium

No protection from drying | limited thickness due to distance from capillaries

What are the layers of Keratinized stratified epithelium

``` Stratum Basale Stratum Spinosum Stratum Ganulosum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum ```

What layer of Keratinized Stratified epithelium has keratinocytes

Stratum Basal Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum

What layer of Keratinized stratified epithelium is only on thick skin

Stratum Lucidum

Which layer of Keratinized Stratified Epithelium prevents Water loss, provides a barrier

Stratum Corneum

How long does the average Keratinized stratified epithelium live

28 days

What cell protects us from UV radiation

Melanocytes

What is the darker from of melanin called

Eumelanin

What is the lighter form of Melanin called

Pheomelanin

What destroys melanin

Lysosomes

What is skin colour influenced by

Environment Genetics Number of blood vessels

What cell recognize and process foreign antigens in the stratum spinosum

Langerhans cells

What cell provide touch receptors

Merkel cells

Where are merkel cell found

Stratum Basal

What cells increase due to UV exposure and what cells decrease due to UV exposure

Increase with UV= Melancytes | Decrease with UV = Langerhans cells

Where are Stratified Cuboidal cells found

Larger ducts in sweat glands, salivary galnds

What are the functions of Stratified cuboidal

Increase Protection | Provide barrier

Where are Stratified Columnar cells found

Large ducts in pancreas, urethra, conjunctiva of eye

What are the functions of Stratified columnar

Increase protection Provide transition between epithelial types Provide a barrier

Where would you find Transitional epithelium

The urinary tract

What are the functions of Transitional epithelium

Protection Stretch Barrier

Transitional epithelium have well developed ______

Zonula Occludens (tight junction)

What unusual feature do the superficial cells of Transitional epithelium have

Some are bi-nucleated

What is psoriasis vulgaris

Patch skin lesions

What causes Psoriasis Vulgaris

Accelerated Keratinocyte life cycle

Were do cells accumulate in Psoriasis Vulgaris

Stratium Corneum

Where is inflammation of Psoriasis vulgaris

Inflammation in dermal papillae

What are freckles

Spots of extra pigment due to increased melanin but not melanocyts

What is Vitiligo

Patches with lack of melanocytes

What causes moles

Proliferation of melancytes

What is caused when melanocytes fail to produce melanin

Albinism

What is the most common form of albinism

Tyrosinase is missing from melanocytes (cant convert tyrosine to melanin

What is the method of secretion by which the product is released into a duct or directly onto an epithelial surface

Exocrine secretion

What is a parenchyma

Components that are directly involved with the primary function (ex bicep and muscle cell)

What is a stroma

Components providing mechanical/metabolic support ie, nerves, blood vessels, lymph

What are the morphological ways to class and exocrin gland

Secretory units: Tubular vs Acinar | Duct Arrangments: Unbranched vs branched

What is the most common method of exocrine gland secretion

Merocrine = Exocytosis (no cell damage)

What is an example of a merocrine gland

Goblet cells Salivary glands Pancrease Sweat glands

What is the other type of exocrine secretion

Holocrine = Cell matures and dies to release product

What type of exocrine secretion is associated with odour

Holocrine

What is an example of a holocrine gland

Sebaceous glands | Tarsal glands of eyelid

What type of secretion causes minimal cell damage, has come cytoplasm and membranes, associated with orour

Apocrine gland

What is an example of aopcrine gland secretions

Lactating mammary glands some adult sweat glands External auditory canal Ciliary glands in eyelid

What are the different types of secretions of exocrine glands

Merocrine Holocrine Apocrine

What is the smallest division of a gland

Acinus

What is a small group of serous cells attached to a mucus acinus

Serous Demilune

What is a contractile cells with epithelial origin

Myoeputhelial cells

Where are Myoepithelial cells found

Salivary glands Sweat glands Lacrimal glands

What do serous glands produce

Serous fluid

What are the characteristics of a serous gland

Cell are trapazoid shaped Nucleus is round + noticeable Cells pick up stain

What is an example of a serous gland

Pancrease Parotid gland Cheif cells in stomach

What does a mucus gland produce

Mucus

What are the characteristics of a Mucus gland

Cell stain light | Nucleus is flat + peripheral

What are some mucus glands

Goblet cells | Minor salivary glands of tongue

What do mixed glands produce

Serous + mucus

What are examples of mixed glands

Sublingual gland | Submandibular gland

What is a paracrine secretion

Signaling cell is close to target cell (hormone doesn't enter blood)

What is Autocrine secretion

Signaling cell is its own target

What regulate endocrine secretions

Hormonal (-/+ feedback) | Autonomic NS