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Organ histology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Extracellular matrix composed of

A

Ground substance

Fibers

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2
Q

What is the function of Connective tissue

A

Support
Exchange of materials
Protection
Adipose storage

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Connective tissue

A

Derived from mesenchyme
Support cells produce matrix
Cells adhere to matrix

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4
Q

What is the main component of ground substance

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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5
Q

What are the important characteristics of GAGs

A

Hydrophilic

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6
Q

What are the sulfated GAGs

A

Keratin sulfate
Chondroitin sulfate
Heparin sulfate
Dermatin sulfate

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7
Q

What are GAGs called when they are bound to a protein

A

proteoglycans

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8
Q

What is important about Hyaluronic Acids

A

Holds lots of water to allow for diffusion

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9
Q

What are the positive aspects of inflammation

A

Increase fluidity allows for defensive cells to move throughout tissue

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10
Q

What are the negative aspects of inflammation

A

Swelling can cause damage to blood vessels

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11
Q

What is it called when excessive fluid remaining in the interstitial spaces

A

Edema

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12
Q

What are adhesive glycoproteins

A

Laminin

Fibronectin

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13
Q

Which molecular component of ground substance when found in large amount can create a CT that supports inflamation

A

GAGs

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14
Q

Why is inflammation good to the healing process

A

Creates tissue foundation

Increases defensive cell numbers

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15
Q

what is the most common type of fiber in connective tissue

A

Collagen

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16
Q

What type of collagen accounts for 90% of the total body collagen

A

Type 1

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17
Q

What is defective in Ehlers-Danalos Syndrome

A

Type 1 collagen

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18
Q

What happens to fiber production during agins

A

it slows

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19
Q

What causes Scurvy

A

Vitamin C deficiency

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20
Q

What vitamin is essential for proper formation of Type 1 collagen

A

Vitamin C

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21
Q

What organs is Elastic fibers important in

A

Blood vessels

Lungs

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22
Q

What happens to the number of Elastin fibers as we age

A

The Decrease

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23
Q

What disease is associated with abnormal elastin production causing flat feet, tall body, dislocating of optic lens

A

Marfan’s syndrome

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24
Q

What is reticular fiber the same as

A

Collagen III

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25
What is the first fiber to be produced during wound healing
Reticular fiber
26
What tissues is Reticular fiber common in
Liver Bone marrow Lymph nodes
27
What are Fibroblasts derived from
Mesenchymal cells
28
What CT cells is important in scar formation
Fibroblasts
29
What kind of connect tissue is scar tissue
Dense irregular
30
How are fibroblasts defensive
They can phagocytize
31
What is a mature fibroblast called
Fibrocyte
32
What is the function of Fibrocyte
Maintain matrix
33
What can fibrocytes produce
Hyaluronic acid Ground substance Reticular fibers
34
What can't fibrocytes produce
Collagen 1 | Elastic fibers
35
What is the primary function of Myofibroblast
Wound healing Tooth eruption Epidermal scar shrinkage
36
What cells are derived from Mesenchymal cells producing preadipocytes
Adipocytes
37
What is the function of Adipocytes
Lipid storage
38
What do adipocytes produce
Leptin
39
What are plasma cells derived from
B lymphocytes
40
What is the function of plasma cells
Produce Immunoglobulins
41
What are macrophages derived from
Monocytes
42
What system are macrophages a part of (the subset if immune system)
Mononuclear Phagocyte system
43
What are the functions of Macrophages
Phagocytosis Antigen presenting cell Make foreign body giant cells Release cytokines
44
When do Macrophages form giant cells
In response to foreign substances
45
Where are mast cells found
In Connective tissue, near blood vessels
46
What is the life span of a mast cell
Days-months
47
What are mast cells derived from
Bone marrow (thought to be derived from basophlis)
48
What events do mast cells mediate
Inflammation Hypersensitivity (Allergy) Anaphylaxis Asthma
49
What are the mediators that mast cells release
Histamine Heparin ECF NCF
50
What is Histamine
The "on switch"
51
What is the function of Histamine
Increase permeability of vessels Increase blood flow Contraction of Smooth muscle
52
What is Heparin
The "off switch" (Slow to work)
53
What does Heparin do
Binds to histamine to inactivate it
54
What does ECF do
Attract Eosinophils
55
What do Eosinophils do
Inhibit leukotrienes Limits effects of Histamine and Leukotrienes Destroy parasitic larvae
56
What Primary Mast cell products attract Neurophils
NCF
57
What are the secondary mediators that Mast cells relsease
Leukotirenes | Cytokines
58
What are Leukotrienes
Same effect as Histamine by more powerfull Will amplify hitamine effects
59
What will stimulate mast cells
Direct trauma to mast cells Phagocytosis IgE-allergin complex Complement process
60
What cells are produced when IgE binds to a mast cell when responding to a novel stimuli
Memory cells
61
Does first exposure or seconds exposure to an antigen elicit a quicker+stronger response from mast cells
Second exposure
62
What is Anaphylaxis
Over reaction to allergy
63
What is the general process of an allergic respoce
IgE binds to Mast cell Mast cell degranulates Systemic inflammatory response
64
What happens in anaphylactic shock
Mast cells cause Circulatory shock --> Cardiovascular collapse ---> internal bleeding
65
What causes Extrinsic asthma
Allergins in Air
66
What causes Intrinsic asthma
Unknown
67
What type of asthma is common in children, and what is common in adults
``` Children = Extrinsic Adults= Intrinsic ```
68
What can stimulate asthma
``` IgE complex Secondary factors (odor, fatigue etc) ```
69
What is the primary problem with asthma
Release of Leukotrienes | Contraction of Smooth muscle in lungs
70
What are the different types of Leukocytes
``` Monocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes ```
71
What to monocytes become
Macrophages
72
What white blood cell is attracted to sites of accute inflammation
Neutrophlis
73
What WBC is found at site of allergic inflammaton
Eosinophils
74
What WBC is similar to mast cells
Basophils
75
What WBC is found at sites of chronic inflammation
Lymphocytes
76
What is the most common WBC
Neutrophils
77
What is the least common EBC
Lymphocytes
78
What are adult stem cells called
Mesenchyme cells
79
What cells are derived from Mesenchyme and form reticular fibers
Reticular cells
80
What type of connective tissue has a large number of cell types, fewer fibers and quite vascular
Loos connective tissue
81
What type of connective tissue has fewer cells Many fibers Less vascular
Dense connective tissue
82
Where is Loose irregular connective tissue found
Papillary layer of dermis | Beneath epithelium in organs
83
Where is Loose regular connective tissue found
Greater + Lesser Omenta | CT around Blood vessels
84
Where is Dense irregular connective tissue found
Reticular layer of Dermis Nerve sheaths Organ capsules
85
Where is Dense Regular connective tissue found
Tendons Ligamnts Aponeucroses
86
What do reticular cells do
Support in highly cellular areas
87
What are the two types of Adipose tissue
White | Brown
88
What is the function of white adipose
Store energy Thermoregularion Protection
89
What is produced by adiopjines
Leptin
90
What does Leptin do
Inhibiti appetite
91
Other than fat what is stored in adiposecytes
Lipase
92
What do lipases do
Break down fat
93
What happens to adipocytes in adult obesity
Increase size of existing adipocytes
94
What happens to adipocytes in Childhood obesity
Increase numbers of adipocytes
95
What is the function of brown fat
Produce heat
96
How do you increase healing potential in CT
Increase Cell types and Vascularity
97
What are the three types of specialized CT
Cartilage Bone Blood

Organ histology (8 decks)

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