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Organ histology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Extracellular matrix composed of

A

Ground substance

Fibers

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2
Q

What is the function of Connective tissue

A

Support
Exchange of materials
Protection
Adipose storage

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Connective tissue

A

Derived from mesenchyme
Support cells produce matrix
Cells adhere to matrix

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4
Q

What is the main component of ground substance

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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5
Q

What are the important characteristics of GAGs

A

Hydrophilic

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6
Q

What are the sulfated GAGs

A

Keratin sulfate
Chondroitin sulfate
Heparin sulfate
Dermatin sulfate

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7
Q

What are GAGs called when they are bound to a protein

A

proteoglycans

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8
Q

What is important about Hyaluronic Acids

A

Holds lots of water to allow for diffusion

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9
Q

What are the positive aspects of inflammation

A

Increase fluidity allows for defensive cells to move throughout tissue

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10
Q

What are the negative aspects of inflammation

A

Swelling can cause damage to blood vessels

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11
Q

What is it called when excessive fluid remaining in the interstitial spaces

A

Edema

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12
Q

What are adhesive glycoproteins

A

Laminin

Fibronectin

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13
Q

Which molecular component of ground substance when found in large amount can create a CT that supports inflamation

A

GAGs

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14
Q

Why is inflammation good to the healing process

A

Creates tissue foundation

Increases defensive cell numbers

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15
Q

what is the most common type of fiber in connective tissue

A

Collagen

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16
Q

What type of collagen accounts for 90% of the total body collagen

A

Type 1

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17
Q

What is defective in Ehlers-Danalos Syndrome

A

Type 1 collagen

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18
Q

What happens to fiber production during agins

A

it slows

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19
Q

What causes Scurvy

A

Vitamin C deficiency

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20
Q

What vitamin is essential for proper formation of Type 1 collagen

A

Vitamin C

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21
Q

What organs is Elastic fibers important in

A

Blood vessels

Lungs

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22
Q

What happens to the number of Elastin fibers as we age

A

The Decrease

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23
Q

What disease is associated with abnormal elastin production causing flat feet, tall body, dislocating of optic lens

A

Marfan’s syndrome

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24
Q

What is reticular fiber the same as

A

Collagen III

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25
Q

What is the first fiber to be produced during wound healing

A

Reticular fiber

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26
Q

What tissues is Reticular fiber common in

A

Liver
Bone marrow
Lymph nodes

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27
Q

What are Fibroblasts derived from

A

Mesenchymal cells

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28
Q

What CT cells is important in scar formation

A

Fibroblasts

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29
Q

What kind of connect tissue is scar tissue

A

Dense irregular

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30
Q

How are fibroblasts defensive

A

They can phagocytize

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31
Q

What is a mature fibroblast called

A

Fibrocyte

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32
Q

What is the function of Fibrocyte

A

Maintain matrix

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33
Q

What can fibrocytes produce

A

Hyaluronic acid
Ground substance
Reticular fibers

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34
Q

What can’t fibrocytes produce

A

Collagen 1

Elastic fibers

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35
Q

What is the primary function of Myofibroblast

A

Wound healing
Tooth eruption
Epidermal scar shrinkage

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36
Q

What cells are derived from Mesenchymal cells producing preadipocytes

A

Adipocytes

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37
Q

What is the function of Adipocytes

A

Lipid storage

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38
Q

What do adipocytes produce

A

Leptin

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39
Q

What are plasma cells derived from

A

B lymphocytes

40
Q

What is the function of plasma cells

A

Produce Immunoglobulins

41
Q

What are macrophages derived from

42
Q

What system are macrophages a part of (the subset if immune system)

A

Mononuclear Phagocyte system

43
Q

What are the functions of Macrophages

A

Phagocytosis
Antigen presenting cell
Make foreign body giant cells
Release cytokines

44
Q

When do Macrophages form giant cells

A

In response to foreign substances

45
Q

Where are mast cells found

A

In Connective tissue, near blood vessels

46
Q

What is the life span of a mast cell

A

Days-months

47
Q

What are mast cells derived from

A

Bone marrow (thought to be derived from basophlis)

48
Q

What events do mast cells mediate

A

Inflammation
Hypersensitivity (Allergy)
Anaphylaxis
Asthma

49
Q

What are the mediators that mast cells release

A

Histamine
Heparin
ECF
NCF

50
Q

What is Histamine

A

The “on switch”

51
Q

What is the function of Histamine

A

Increase permeability of vessels
Increase blood flow
Contraction of Smooth muscle

52
Q

What is Heparin

A

The “off switch” (Slow to work)

53
Q

What does Heparin do

A

Binds to histamine to inactivate it

54
Q

What does ECF do

A

Attract Eosinophils

55
Q

What do Eosinophils do

A

Inhibit leukotrienes
Limits effects of Histamine and Leukotrienes
Destroy parasitic larvae

56
Q

What Primary Mast cell products attract Neurophils

57
Q

What are the secondary mediators that Mast cells relsease

A

Leukotirenes

Cytokines

58
Q

What are Leukotrienes

A

Same effect as Histamine by more powerfull

Will amplify hitamine effects

59
Q

What will stimulate mast cells

A

Direct trauma to mast cells
Phagocytosis
IgE-allergin complex
Complement process

60
Q

What cells are produced when IgE binds to a mast cell when responding to a novel stimuli

A

Memory cells

61
Q

Does first exposure or seconds exposure to an antigen elicit a quicker+stronger response from mast cells

A

Second exposure

62
Q

What is Anaphylaxis

A

Over reaction to allergy

63
Q

What is the general process of an allergic respoce

A

IgE binds to Mast cell
Mast cell degranulates
Systemic inflammatory response

64
Q

What happens in anaphylactic shock

A

Mast cells cause Circulatory shock –> Cardiovascular collapse —> internal bleeding

65
Q

What causes Extrinsic asthma

A

Allergins in Air

66
Q

What causes Intrinsic asthma

67
Q

What type of asthma is common in children, and what is common in adults

A 
Children = Extrinsic
Adults= Intrinsic
68
Q

What can stimulate asthma

A 
IgE complex
Secondary factors (odor, fatigue etc)
69
Q

What is the primary problem with asthma

A

Release of Leukotrienes

Contraction of Smooth muscle in lungs

70
Q

What are the different types of Leukocytes

A 
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
71
Q

What to monocytes become

A

Macrophages

72
Q

What white blood cell is attracted to sites of accute inflammation

A

Neutrophlis

73
Q

What WBC is found at site of allergic inflammaton

A

Eosinophils

74
Q

What WBC is similar to mast cells

75
Q

What WBC is found at sites of chronic inflammation

A

Lymphocytes

76
Q

What is the most common WBC

A

Neutrophils

77
Q

What is the least common EBC

A

Lymphocytes

78
Q

What are adult stem cells called

A

Mesenchyme cells

79
Q

What cells are derived from Mesenchyme and form reticular fibers

A

Reticular cells

80
Q

What type of connective tissue has a large number of cell types, fewer fibers and quite vascular

A

Loos connective tissue

81
Q

What type of connective tissue has fewer cells
Many fibers
Less vascular

A

Dense connective tissue

82
Q

Where is Loose irregular connective tissue found

A

Papillary layer of dermis

Beneath epithelium in organs

83
Q

Where is Loose regular connective tissue found

A

Greater + Lesser Omenta

CT around Blood vessels

84
Q

Where is Dense irregular connective tissue found

A

Reticular layer of Dermis
Nerve sheaths
Organ capsules

85
Q

Where is Dense Regular connective tissue found

A

Tendons
Ligamnts
Aponeucroses

86
Q

What do reticular cells do

A

Support in highly cellular areas

87
Q

What are the two types of Adipose tissue

A

White

Brown

88
Q

What is the function of white adipose

A

Store energy
Thermoregularion
Protection

89
Q

What is produced by adiopjines

90
Q

What does Leptin do

A

Inhibiti appetite

91
Q

Other than fat what is stored in adiposecytes

92
Q

What do lipases do

A

Break down fat

93
Q

What happens to adipocytes in adult obesity

A

Increase size of existing adipocytes

94
Q

What happens to adipocytes in Childhood obesity

A

Increase numbers of adipocytes

95
Q

What is the function of brown fat

A

Produce heat

96
Q

How do you increase healing potential in CT

A

Increase Cell types and Vascularity

97
Q

What are the three types of specialized CT

A

Cartilage
Bone
Blood

Organ histology (8 decks)

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