Unit 4 Flashcards
Description of the Old Regime
social, political, economic relationships
social: tradition, hierarchy, corporate feeling, privilege
Characteristics of aristocracy in 18th c. Europe
nobility: 1-5% pop born into, buy into, serve to be a noble royals no manual labor authority: parliament, states general, councils, etc.
Facts/characteristics of french nobility
“of the sword” “of the robe”
Hobereaux: provincial nobility not in versailles
exempt from taxes: taille, corvees, vingtieme
exclusive hunting rights
Features about the nobility of Europe (names)
Prussia: junkers russia: boyars Poland: szlatchta streltsty: Russian garrison officials table of ranks: peter the great (boyars lose power) gain power with Catherine
Aristocratic Resurgence
noble’s reactions to their loss of power.
- made it harder to become a noble
- reserva appnt.s in upper ranks
- tried to use aristocrat. controlled institutions against monarchy
- tried to gain more tax exemptions
Economic basis of 18th c. life
wheat/grain, land (nobles)
Facts of English game laws
Aristocracy, landed gentry, Royals benefit
Exclusive rights to hunt
Example of domination of aristocracy
Family economy characteristics
Household is basic unit of production and consumption
Everyone works
NW Europe: 2 gen.
E Europe: 3-4 gen. Servants and landlords
Concerns of married women in pre-industrial Europe
Produce/ provide for household ( dowry)
Paid less than men
Characteristics about children in 18th century
Dangerous to have them Wet nursing is common Economic burden Illegitimate Foundling hospitals Upper class: more education
Bread prices during 18th century
Slowly and steadily rose
Agricultural methods used by the Dutch leading up to the agricultural revolution
Polders, dikes, new crops (clover, turnip) , animal fertilizer
European pop. From 1700 to 1800
1700: 120 mil
1800: 190 mil
Crops introduced to Europe from new world and their impact
Potatoes
More children survive
More people live off less land
Innovations and contributors of ag. Revolution
Iron plow, seed drill (jethro tull)
Fertilizer, crop rotation ( Thomas turnip Townsend)
Selective breeding (Robert bake well)
Enclosure movement
Replace 2-3 field system
Led to commercializations of agriculture
Increased farmland
Open field system
2-3 field system
Fallow field
Communal
Subsistence crops
Causes, effects, and characteristics of 18th c. Consumer rev.
Ag rev. > more ppl > increases in demand and supply
Causes: disposable income, marketing (Josiah Wedgwood)
Effect: capitalism
Industry which pioneered indust. Rev.
Textiles
Water frame 1769
Makes a pure cotton fabric
By Richard arkwright
Spinning Jenny 1765
Spins thread 16x faster, then 120x faster
By James Hargreaves
Flying shuttle 1730
Weaves
By John Kay
The power loom 1780s
Uses steam power
Growth in factories
By the Edmund Cartwright
Uses of the steam engine
Mining, cotton industry, steam train, steam tractor, construction, steam boat, iron production, railways, agriculture
Impact of steam engine
Increase amount of energy available
Commercial and heavy industry
Industrialization, unlimited, transportation
Inventors of steam engine
Thomas Newcomen, James watt
^ 1st. ^ improved
Henry Cort and iron production during 18th c.
> 25,000 tons of iron (beginning)
< 1000000 tons (end)
Improved puddling process
Putting out system
Aka domestic
Merchant - spinner - weaver - sewer - sell
Slow
Reasons for England being the birthplace of the industrial revolution
London, colonies, international market, more free trade, resources, political stability, banking, social mobility
Impact of agricultural rev. And industrial rev. On women
Lower wages
Cottage industry
Domestic service
Replaced by machines
Locations of main Jew pop. In 18th c.
Ghettos, Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine
Stages of European contact with world since Renaissance
- Discovery, exploration, conquest, settlement
- Mercantilism
- Imperialism
- Decolonization
Factors that allowed European nations to dominate rest of world
Technological supremacy
Ships and guns
Naval force
Fundamental institution present during 1st two periods of Europe imperialism in new world
Presence of slavery
Main rivals during era of colonization
Spain France, Britain
Description of mercantilism
Prosperity of a nation depends on supply of capital (gold and silver bullion)
Purposes of colonies and home country in mercantilism
Home country: protect, administer
Colonies: depend, supply
Peninsulares
Spanish born colonists
Purpose of Spanish empire until mid 18th c.
To supply Spain with precious metals mined in the new world
Creole
Spanish colonists born in colonies
Two areas of conflict during mid 18th c. Among great nations
Overseas empire, central and Eastern Europe
Cause and purpose of war of Jenkins ear (and date)
1739-1748
Spain vs. Britain
Why: Spain seizing English ships
What: opened up other colonial conflicts throughout the world
Facts about the war of Austrian succession
Frederick the great invades Silesia Shatters pragmatic sanction Fought over Maria's right to succeed. Britain + Austria France +Prussia 1740-1748
Alliances and significance of the diplomatic revolution of 1756
The stately quadrille: England + Prussia, France + Austria
Biggest victors of the seven yrs. war
And date
1755-1763
Prussia: gains territory
Britain: emerges as the world power
Purpose of the stamp act
British to gain revenues, emerge from bankruptcy from 7yrs war
Characteristics of the intolerable acts
- Closed port of Boston
- Reorganized govnt. Of Massachusetts
- Quarter British troops in private homes
- Trials of British officers in Britain
“Common sense”
By Thomas Paine
John Adams, “ without he pen of Thomas Paine, washington’s sword would’ve been raised in vain”
Rallied the support of English colonists to break free from Britain
Results/ outcomes of the American Revolution concerning slavery, rights and society
Did not free slaves or address rights of women or natives
More free society (Europe thought)
Reason for American resentment towards British attempts to tax them
No taxation without representation
Ideas and events that American ideals were based upon
Glorious rev. / bill of rights
John Locke (life liberty and property)
Montesquieu (separation of power)
Commonwealth men (cato’s letters- republicanism)
Two most important influences on enlightenment (two people/ philosophers)
John Locke
Isaac Newton
Uniqueness of Britain politically and socially leading up to enlightenment
Domestic/ political stability, some religious toleration, glorious rev, bill of rights, social mobility, limited government, banking/ invest, small army, isolation
Britain’s influence on the enlightenment
More free than any other country
Public opinion
Print culture, people had more opinion, govnt. Couldn’t hide as much
Print culture
Increase of written materials, novel, more literacy, secularism
1700: 50% religious books
1780: 10% religious books
Voltaire’s views and literary works on Britain
Letters on the English: rebuked French govnt.
Voltaire’s literary works and their subject matters
Candide (optimism)
Attacked unwarranted optimism of people after Lisbon earthquake 1755
Philosophes criticism of Christian church
Inhibiting people to progress. Though original sin, focus on here after instead of here now. Major conflicts. Various biblical inconsistency & Contradiction.
Major points of the Deist creed/ deism
God can be rationally understanding nature
- God exists
- Life after death
“Ethics”
Baruch Spinoza: Jewish (assimilate into European culture)
Martyr to early religious causes
Moses Mendelssohn
Jewish Socrates, father of Reform Judaism (Nathan in “Nathan the wise”)
Assimilate to European culture, keep traditions alive
Pascal’s view of Islam
Carnal, worldly, promiscuity, sensual delight
Editors, contributors, topics/ themes and effects of the “encyclopedia”
Diderot, d’alembert
100’s of philosophers
Secularized learning, dispersing ideas of rational philosophy
“On crimes and punishments”
Marquis cesare beccaria,
Reform in justice and penal systems, ration laws- meant to deter crime, utilitaritarianism, best for he most
Adam smith and views on mercantilism
Opposed because it prevented trading , skills and wages protected
“The wealth of nations”
views on mercantilism, free-enterprise, open overseas markets, infrastructure, laissez- faire economics, protect land/currency
Role and purpose of government according to Adam Smith
Barbarism – civilization
four stage theory
justification: imperialism (we are giving them civilization)
Adam Smith’s four-stage theory
hunting/ gathering, nomad/ herder, agricultural/ farmer, industrial
Laissez-faire economics
encouraged people to compete, be selfish
beliefs of physiocrats
french economic reformers,
francois Quesnay, pierre du pont de nemours
opposed mercantilism
advocated a govnt that protected private property, agriculture and land
Rousseau and human nature, evil in the world, views on women and individualism vs. community
pessimistic view,
all evil is from uneven distribution of property
traditional view of women
community over individual
injustices as grounds for criticism of Imperialism from enlightenment thinkers
conquest, treatment of Native Americans, enslavement of Africans.
critics: Kant, herder
Views of Herder
cultural relativism
Montesquieu’s literary works, views on govnt., england, preferred govnt. for france, etc.
“spirit of the laws”,
separation of powers,
limited govnt
philosophes views on women
limited place in society
not avid feminists
characteristics, themes, examples and major artists of neoclassical art
french rev. era
ancient and Renaissance,
playful, emotional
Jacques Louis David
Characteristics, themes, examples and supporters of Rococo art
aristocracy (france) pastel colors \airy, lighthearted, not serious subjects style of louis XV imperial hall in bavaria
Enlightened absolutism under frederick the great and self proclaimed title
“first servant of the state”
embodiment of enlightened absolutism
sought loyalty from junkers and proffessors, military, religious ppl
enlightened absolutism under catherine the great
gain loyalty from subjects, realized that she had an isolated realm
absolutist monarchs directly associated with the ideals of the enlightenment
frederick the great, loseph II, Catherine Great, maria theresa of austria
Joseph II of austria and social reforms
improve conditions of peasants
catherine the great of russia and the nobility
charter of nobility 1785, more power and privialge form loyalty
catherine the greats territorial aspirations/conquests
ottoman turks/black sea reagiona
crimean peninsual
results of the 1st partition of poland
Partition divided by: russia, prussia, austria
poland: not centralized- not good at resisting attacks
date when poland went off map:
facts about gotthold lessing
author of nathan the wise (interfaith relig. toleration)
german philosopher
