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Ap Euro by Sami > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

Description of the Old Regime

A

social, political, economic relationships

social: tradition, hierarchy, corporate feeling, privilege

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2
Q

Characteristics of aristocracy in 18th c. Europe

A 
nobility: 1-5% pop
born into, buy into, serve to be a noble
royals
no manual labor
authority: parliament, states general, councils, etc.
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3
Q

Facts/characteristics of french nobility

A

“of the sword” “of the robe”
Hobereaux: provincial nobility not in versailles
exempt from taxes: taille, corvees, vingtieme
exclusive hunting rights

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4
Q

Features about the nobility of Europe (names)

A 
Prussia: junkers
russia: boyars
Poland: szlatchta 
streltsty: Russian garrison officials
table of ranks: peter the great (boyars lose power)
gain power with Catherine
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5
Q

Aristocratic Resurgence

A

noble’s reactions to their loss of power.

  1. made it harder to become a noble
  2. reserva appnt.s in upper ranks
  3. tried to use aristocrat. controlled institutions against monarchy
  4. tried to gain more tax exemptions
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6
Q

Economic basis of 18th c. life

A

wheat/grain, land (nobles)

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7
Q

Facts of English game laws

A

Aristocracy, landed gentry, Royals benefit
Exclusive rights to hunt
Example of domination of aristocracy

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8
Q

Family economy characteristics

A

Household is basic unit of production and consumption
Everyone works
NW Europe: 2 gen.
E Europe: 3-4 gen. Servants and landlords

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9
Q

Concerns of married women in pre-industrial Europe

A

Produce/ provide for household ( dowry)

Paid less than men

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10
Q

Characteristics about children in 18th century

A 
Dangerous to have them
Wet nursing is common
Economic burden 
Illegitimate
Foundling hospitals
Upper class: more education
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11
Q

Bread prices during 18th century

A

Slowly and steadily rose

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12
Q

Agricultural methods used by the Dutch leading up to the agricultural revolution

A

Polders, dikes, new crops (clover, turnip) , animal fertilizer

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13
Q

European pop. From 1700 to 1800

A

1700: 120 mil
1800: 190 mil

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14
Q

Crops introduced to Europe from new world and their impact

A

Potatoes
More children survive
More people live off less land

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15
Q

Innovations and contributors of ag. Revolution

A

Iron plow, seed drill (jethro tull)
Fertilizer, crop rotation ( Thomas turnip Townsend)
Selective breeding (Robert bake well)

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16
Q

Enclosure movement

A

Replace 2-3 field system
Led to commercializations of agriculture
Increased farmland

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17
Q

Open field system

A

2-3 field system
Fallow field
Communal
Subsistence crops

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18
Q

Causes, effects, and characteristics of 18th c. Consumer rev.

A

Ag rev. > more ppl > increases in demand and supply
Causes: disposable income, marketing (Josiah Wedgwood)
Effect: capitalism

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19
Q

Industry which pioneered indust. Rev.

A

Textiles

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20
Q

Water frame 1769

A

Makes a pure cotton fabric

By Richard arkwright

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21
Q

Spinning Jenny 1765

A

Spins thread 16x faster, then 120x faster

By James Hargreaves

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22
Q

Flying shuttle 1730

A

Weaves

By John Kay

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23
Q

The power loom 1780s

A

Uses steam power
Growth in factories
By the Edmund Cartwright

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24
Q

Uses of the steam engine

A

Mining, cotton industry, steam train, steam tractor, construction, steam boat, iron production, railways, agriculture

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25
Q

Impact of steam engine

A

Increase amount of energy available
Commercial and heavy industry
Industrialization, unlimited, transportation

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26
Q

Inventors of steam engine

A

Thomas Newcomen, James watt

^ 1st. ^ improved

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27
Q

Henry Cort and iron production during 18th c.

A

> 25,000 tons of iron (beginning)
< 1000000 tons (end)
Improved puddling process

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28
Q

Putting out system

A

Aka domestic
Merchant - spinner - weaver - sewer - sell
Slow

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29
Q

Reasons for England being the birthplace of the industrial revolution

A

London, colonies, international market, more free trade, resources, political stability, banking, social mobility

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30
Q

Impact of agricultural rev. And industrial rev. On women

A

Lower wages
Cottage industry
Domestic service
Replaced by machines

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31
Q

Locations of main Jew pop. In 18th c.

A

Ghettos, Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine

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32
Q

Stages of European contact with world since Renaissance

A
  1. Discovery, exploration, conquest, settlement
  2. Mercantilism
  3. Imperialism
  4. Decolonization
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33
Q

Factors that allowed European nations to dominate rest of world

A

Technological supremacy
Ships and guns
Naval force

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34
Q

Fundamental institution present during 1st two periods of Europe imperialism in new world

A

Presence of slavery

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35
Q

Main rivals during era of colonization

A

Spain France, Britain

36
Q

Description of mercantilism

A

Prosperity of a nation depends on supply of capital (gold and silver bullion)

37
Q

Purposes of colonies and home country in mercantilism

A

Home country: protect, administer

Colonies: depend, supply

38
Q

Peninsulares

A

Spanish born colonists

39
Q

Purpose of Spanish empire until mid 18th c.

A

To supply Spain with precious metals mined in the new world

40
Q

Creole

A

Spanish colonists born in colonies

41
Q

Two areas of conflict during mid 18th c. Among great nations

A

Overseas empire, central and Eastern Europe

42
Q

Cause and purpose of war of Jenkins ear (and date)

A

1739-1748
Spain vs. Britain
Why: Spain seizing English ships
What: opened up other colonial conflicts throughout the world

43
Q

Facts about the war of Austrian succession

A 
Frederick the great invades Silesia
Shatters pragmatic sanction
Fought over Maria's right to succeed.
Britain + Austria
France +Prussia
1740-1748
44
Q

Alliances and significance of the diplomatic revolution of 1756

A

The stately quadrille: England + Prussia, France + Austria

45
Q

Biggest victors of the seven yrs. war

And date

A

1755-1763
Prussia: gains territory
Britain: emerges as the world power

46
Q

Purpose of the stamp act

A

British to gain revenues, emerge from bankruptcy from 7yrs war

47
Q

Characteristics of the intolerable acts

A
  1. Closed port of Boston
  2. Reorganized govnt. Of Massachusetts
  3. Quarter British troops in private homes
  4. Trials of British officers in Britain
48
Q

“Common sense”

A

By Thomas Paine
John Adams, “ without he pen of Thomas Paine, washington’s sword would’ve been raised in vain”
Rallied the support of English colonists to break free from Britain

49
Q

Results/ outcomes of the American Revolution concerning slavery, rights and society

A

Did not free slaves or address rights of women or natives

More free society (Europe thought)

50
Q

Reason for American resentment towards British attempts to tax them

A

No taxation without representation

51
Q

Ideas and events that American ideals were based upon

A

Glorious rev. / bill of rights
John Locke (life liberty and property)
Montesquieu (separation of power)
Commonwealth men (cato’s letters- republicanism)

52
Q

Two most important influences on enlightenment (two people/ philosophers)

A

John Locke

Isaac Newton

53
Q

Uniqueness of Britain politically and socially leading up to enlightenment

A

Domestic/ political stability, some religious toleration, glorious rev, bill of rights, social mobility, limited government, banking/ invest, small army, isolation

54
Q

Britain’s influence on the enlightenment

A

More free than any other country

55
Q

Public opinion

A

Print culture, people had more opinion, govnt. Couldn’t hide as much

56
Q

Print culture

A

Increase of written materials, novel, more literacy, secularism

1700: 50% religious books
1780: 10% religious books

57
Q

Voltaire’s views and literary works on Britain

A

Letters on the English: rebuked French govnt.

58
Q

Voltaire’s literary works and their subject matters

A

Candide (optimism)

Attacked unwarranted optimism of people after Lisbon earthquake 1755

59
Q

Philosophes criticism of Christian church

A

Inhibiting people to progress. Though original sin, focus on here after instead of here now. Major conflicts. Various biblical inconsistency & Contradiction.

60
Q

Major points of the Deist creed/ deism

A

God can be rationally understanding nature

  1. God exists
  2. Life after death
61
Q

“Ethics”

A

Baruch Spinoza: Jewish (assimilate into European culture)

Martyr to early religious causes

62
Q

Moses Mendelssohn

A

Jewish Socrates, father of Reform Judaism (Nathan in “Nathan the wise”)
Assimilate to European culture, keep traditions alive

63
Q

Pascal’s view of Islam

A

Carnal, worldly, promiscuity, sensual delight

64
Q

Editors, contributors, topics/ themes and effects of the “encyclopedia”

A

Diderot, d’alembert
100’s of philosophers
Secularized learning, dispersing ideas of rational philosophy

65
Q

“On crimes and punishments”

A

Marquis cesare beccaria,

Reform in justice and penal systems, ration laws- meant to deter crime, utilitaritarianism, best for he most

66
Q

Adam smith and views on mercantilism

A

Opposed because it prevented trading , skills and wages protected

67
Q

“The wealth of nations”

A

views on mercantilism, free-enterprise, open overseas markets, infrastructure, laissez- faire economics, protect land/currency

68
Q

Role and purpose of government according to Adam Smith

A

Barbarism – civilization
four stage theory
justification: imperialism (we are giving them civilization)

69
Q

Adam Smith’s four-stage theory

A

hunting/ gathering, nomad/ herder, agricultural/ farmer, industrial

70
Q

Laissez-faire economics

A

encouraged people to compete, be selfish

71
Q

beliefs of physiocrats

A

french economic reformers,
francois Quesnay, pierre du pont de nemours
opposed mercantilism
advocated a govnt that protected private property, agriculture and land

72
Q

Rousseau and human nature, evil in the world, views on women and individualism vs. community

A

pessimistic view,
all evil is from uneven distribution of property
traditional view of women
community over individual

73
Q

injustices as grounds for criticism of Imperialism from enlightenment thinkers

A

conquest, treatment of Native Americans, enslavement of Africans.
critics: Kant, herder

74
Q

Views of Herder

A

cultural relativism

75
Q

Montesquieu’s literary works, views on govnt., england, preferred govnt. for france, etc.

A

“spirit of the laws”,
separation of powers,
limited govnt

76
Q

philosophes views on women

A

limited place in society

not avid feminists

77
Q

characteristics, themes, examples and major artists of neoclassical art

A

french rev. era
ancient and Renaissance,
playful, emotional
Jacques Louis David

78
Q

Characteristics, themes, examples and supporters of Rococo art

A 
aristocracy (france)
pastel colors
\airy, lighthearted, not serious subjects
style of louis XV
imperial hall in bavaria
79
Q

Enlightened absolutism under frederick the great and self proclaimed title

A

“first servant of the state”
embodiment of enlightened absolutism
sought loyalty from junkers and proffessors, military, religious ppl

80
Q

enlightened absolutism under catherine the great

A

gain loyalty from subjects, realized that she had an isolated realm

81
Q

absolutist monarchs directly associated with the ideals of the enlightenment

A

frederick the great, loseph II, Catherine Great, maria theresa of austria

82
Q

Joseph II of austria and social reforms

A

improve conditions of peasants

83
Q

catherine the great of russia and the nobility

A

charter of nobility 1785, more power and privialge form loyalty

84
Q

catherine the greats territorial aspirations/conquests

A

ottoman turks/black sea reagiona

crimean peninsual

85
Q

results of the 1st partition of poland

A

Partition divided by: russia, prussia, austria
poland: not centralized- not good at resisting attacks
date when poland went off map:

86
Q

facts about gotthold lessing

A

author of nathan the wise (interfaith relig. toleration)

german philosopher

Ap Euro by Sami (6 decks)

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