Unit 2 Flashcards
Birthplace of Reformation
Saxony, Germany (HRE)
Groups that were allies of reform/protestant
guilds, peasants/townspeople, humanists, etc.
Contributing factors to lay criticism of the church
Avignon papacy, Great schism, conciliar theory, Renaissance papacy, etc.
common goal of 13th c. and 15th c. lay religious movements
religious simplicity in Imitation of Jesus Christ
Brothers of the common life
aka the Modern Devotion; a “boarding school” for reform-minded laity. Believed in a common life, practical religion, individual piety.
“Imitation of the Christ”
written by Thomas a Kempis (1471)
summarized the philosophy of the “brothers”
Martin Luther’s background
dedicated his life to be a monk instead of law school. very educated, devoted to religion.
Martin Luther’s beliefs
wanted reform in the catholic church based on biblical teachings and support.
Salvation according to medieval church
Works: indulgences, prayer, worshipping relics and saints
Works lessen time in purgatory.
Indulgences
“works of satisfaction” “righteousness of God”
SIN-surance to get through purgatory.
95 theses
“Salvation is not something to be bought or sold”
Martin Luther posted, in LATIN, on church doors in Germany.
“Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation”
Martin Luther urged princes to seek religious reforms in their areas of control
“Babylonian Captivity”
attacks 7 sacraments
Martin Luther says only BAPTISM AND EUCHARIST are supported in bible
“Freedom of a christian”
Martin luther says if you BELIEVE, you will automatically do GOOD WORKS, and then get salvation
Diet of Worms
April 1521: Luther presented views to Charles V and did not retract his beliefs and words. condemned as heretic.
Luther’s belief on salvation
Justification by faith alone
Peace of Augsburg
1555: End of German reformation, Lutheran is recognized as christian religion.
“cuius regio, eius religio”
Luther Reaction to German peasants revolt
“Against the Robbing and Murdering Peasants”
smite, slay, stab the murderous thieving hordes of peasants
Diet of Augsburg
Charles V order Lutherans to revert to Catholicism
Schmalkaldic League
Formed after Diet of Augsburg
Defensive alliance to protect protestant princes against HRE emperor and catholic parties
Point of contention between luther and zwingli
Eucharist. Luther believed in transubstantiation and that it was literal, zwingli didn’t.
Anabaptists
believed in only adult baptism
John Calvin (who, what, why)
Believed in: predestination, and to re-order society according to God’s plan. Wanted a theocracy.
Founded the Calvinist religion
Lutheranism in Denmark
Christain II (king) introduced it
Religious significance of Magdeburg
Place in germany to which people went to be safe/ protect their protestant beliefs.
Henry VIII
King of England.
Wrote “Defence of the 7 Sacraments” and pope Leo X called him “Defender of the Faith”
Created Anglican church to divorce Catherine of Aragon.
Wanted a male heir.
The King’s “Great Matter”
Henry VIII wanting to divorge Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn.
Henry executed Thomas Wolsey because he couldn’t get the anullment.
Reformation Parliament, measures and legislations
1529-36
placing royal authority over religious matter.
Henry = head of church of England
Act of Succession
1534: Legitimized children of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn (Mary is taken out of line of succession)
Act of Supremacy
1534: Declared Henry VIII the supreme head of the church of England
Act of Uniformity
1549 & 1552: Edward VI standardize all prayers, hymns, teachings, practices.
Enforced the Book of the Common Prayer
Wives of Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr
Tudor Monarchs
Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, Elizabeth I
Six Articles
1539: Henry VIII.
aka Whip with the 6 Stings
reaffirmed catholic doctrines
Early reform movements from within Catholic church
Theatines, Capuchins, Somaschi & Barnabites, Ursulines, Oratorians, St. Teresa & St. John.
Jesuits
1530: Society of Jesus
Founded by Ignatius of Loyala
very strict, complete following of church authority
Ignatius of Loyola
Founded Jesuits, wrote “spiritual exercises”
was a Hapsburg soldier
from spain
Council of Trent
1545-63: 3 diff sessions, 4 diff popes
controlled by pope
reforms: Internal church discipline, curtail simony, limit benefices, make diocese & parishes organized (people in charge had to live near), seminaries, to educate priests.
Miguel de Cervantes
No proper education, went to africa- became slave, prison, accountant
DON QUIXOTE: 1605 & 1615: portrayal between idealism and realism
William Shakespeare
1564-1616: Lived in Elizabethan age
wrote: Romeo & Juliet, King Leer, Otello, Macbeth, Hamlet, Richard III
Baroque & plain architectural styles
Baroque: Catholic, fancy, not focusing on religion.
artist: peter paul reubens
Plain: Protestant, simple, focus on religion
artist: rembrant
Politiques and examples
a leader that puts political stability over religious unity
ex. Elizabeth I, William of Orange, Henry IV
non ex. Mary I, Phillip II, Oliver Cromwell
Competing families in france after death of Henry II
Bourbon: Conde
Montmorency: coligny
Guise: Francis
Facts about French Protestants
Huguenots (mostly calvainist) contain aristocracy, discontented towns people. 1/15 of population
Event which started the French Wars of Religion
Massacre at Vassy (1562)
Francis of Guise orders protestants to be killed because they are (rightfully) worshipping.
Effect of the Peace of Saint Germain - en - Laye
ENDED 3rd War
acknowledges that nobility of france gains power
protestants gain power
coligny is close advisor to king
louis of nassau want to use coligny and french stuff to help dutch
Facts about St. Bartholomew’s day massacre
AUG. 24, 1572
over 3,000 protestants killed in one day, 20,000 later
backfired against catholics
created protestant sympathies in other countries
Henry IV of France
Henry III put him in line of succession before everyone else
- Bourboun
- aka henry of navar
- Huguenot
- married into the valois family
Edict of Nantes
1598: Passed by Henry IV
made catholic official french religion
ended french wars of religion
gave protestants rights; public worship, assemble, hold office, universities, fortify towns
Key players of french religious wars
henry III, henry IV (navar), henry guise, Catherine de medici
Characteristics of Philip II
Made king in 1558, Son of Charles V, enforced council of trent on the dutch, married Mary I, Catholic, ruled over Spain, Netherlands, and new world
The compromise
Dutch promised to resist decrees of the Council of Trent
resist inquisition
Perpetual Edict of 1577
document saying that the Spanish forces would leave the Netherlands in 20 days after the signed agreement
made William of orange the “ruler” of the Netherlands
Successors of Edward VI of England
Lady Jane Grey (nine days queen), Mary I, Elizabeth I
Facts about Mary I
very catholic married phillip of spain (II) killed lady jane grey "forced" Elizabeth to keep England Catholic lost Calais at the end of her reign Marian persectutions Marian exiles
Facts about the Elizabethan settlement
made anglican church seem catholic (outward) but the teachings were protestant
attempted to settle protestant’s and catholic’s differences in England
Thirty Nine Articles
1563: Elizabeth I,
moderate protestantism is the official religion
brought back the book of the common prayer
Preconditions of the Thirty year’s war
Fragmented Germany, Religious division, Calvinism and the Palatinate, Maximilian of Bavaria and the Catholic league
Ecclesiastical Reservation
If you become protestant, you can’t keep your catholic land and vis a versa
Place of outbreak of 30 yrs war
Bohemia
Phases of the 30 yrs war
Bohemian (1618-25)
Danish (1625-29)
Swedish (1630-35)
Swedish-French (1635-48)
Defenstration of Prague
in reaction to Ferdinand’s taking of protestant’s rights, protestants threw his regents out the window! into poop
Battle of Breitenfeld
Gustavus Adolfus II had the most decisive victory of the war
1630 (most decisive engagement)
Peace of Prague
1635: German Protestant states compromise with Ferdinand
france & netherlands support sweden
Depopulation of germany cuz of 30 yrs war
1/3 decrease
Treaty of Westphalia
1648: Ended 30 yrs war written in french took back edict of restitution re-asserted peace of Augsburg swiss & netherlands indépendance Bavaria = elector state
Protestants views on marriage
If you want to be married, you can. More likely to issue a divorce if you want one.
Wet nursing characteristics
having another woman nurse your baby for you. Condemned by the church (catholic), popular among upper class, increased mortality rate in babies.
Climax of Spanish/English hostilities
1588: Defeat of the spanish armada
Condition of the spanish economy in the 1500s and 1600s (16th and 17th century)
Growing demand for things (growing population)
not enough stuff for people
led to inflation in prices
Philip II’s foreign policy and action during 1st half of reign
Focused in the Mediterranean against Turks. Battle of Lepanto 1871
Major area of resistance that prevented spanish world empire
Netherlands
Causes for outbreak of war between Spain and England
1568: Duke of Alba takes 10,000 troups to Netherlands: Elizabeth feels threatened
1570: Elizabeth excommunicated
1572: pirating (sir francis drake)
1587: Mary queen of scots is executed
reasons for Pope Sixtus V’s support for Spain against England
execution of Mary queen of scots
Significance of the defeat of the spanish armada
marked the beginning of spanish power decline. France is now the big power, Netherlands and England benefit.
significance of Bavaria to the Thirty years war
major center of catholic power
Germany’s importance to traders and merchants
“Europe’s Highway” good relative geography
Significance of Heidelberg
“German Geneva” center of Calvanism in the HRE
intellectual center
defensive alliance of palatine calvinists
England, France, Netherlands
Reason for beginning of Thirty Years’ War
Defenstration of Prague.
Ferdinand was stamping out protestant in HRE
Actions of Ferdinand, king of Bavaria
revoked religious freedoms of Bohemian Protestants
Edict of Restitution
Calvinism is made illegal in the Danish stage of the war
