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Ap Euro by Sami > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

Birthplace of Reformation

A

Saxony, Germany (HRE)

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2
Q

Groups that were allies of reform/protestant

A

guilds, peasants/townspeople, humanists, etc.

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3
Q

Contributing factors to lay criticism of the church

A

Avignon papacy, Great schism, conciliar theory, Renaissance papacy, etc.

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4
Q

common goal of 13th c. and 15th c. lay religious movements

A

religious simplicity in Imitation of Jesus Christ

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5
Q

Brothers of the common life

A

aka the Modern Devotion; a “boarding school” for reform-minded laity. Believed in a common life, practical religion, individual piety.

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6
Q

“Imitation of the Christ”

A

written by Thomas a Kempis (1471)

summarized the philosophy of the “brothers”

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7
Q

Martin Luther’s background

A

dedicated his life to be a monk instead of law school. very educated, devoted to religion.

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8
Q

Martin Luther’s beliefs

A

wanted reform in the catholic church based on biblical teachings and support.

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9
Q

Salvation according to medieval church

A

Works: indulgences, prayer, worshipping relics and saints

Works lessen time in purgatory.

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10
Q

Indulgences

A

“works of satisfaction” “righteousness of God”

SIN-surance to get through purgatory.

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11
Q

95 theses

A

“Salvation is not something to be bought or sold”

Martin Luther posted, in LATIN, on church doors in Germany.

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12
Q

“Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation”

A

Martin Luther urged princes to seek religious reforms in their areas of control

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13
Q

“Babylonian Captivity”

A

attacks 7 sacraments

Martin Luther says only BAPTISM AND EUCHARIST are supported in bible

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14
Q

“Freedom of a christian”

A

Martin luther says if you BELIEVE, you will automatically do GOOD WORKS, and then get salvation

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15
Q

Diet of Worms

A

April 1521: Luther presented views to Charles V and did not retract his beliefs and words. condemned as heretic.

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16
Q

Luther’s belief on salvation

A

Justification by faith alone

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17
Q

Peace of Augsburg

A

1555: End of German reformation, Lutheran is recognized as christian religion.
“cuius regio, eius religio”

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18
Q

Luther Reaction to German peasants revolt

A

“Against the Robbing and Murdering Peasants”

smite, slay, stab the murderous thieving hordes of peasants

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19
Q

Diet of Augsburg

A

Charles V order Lutherans to revert to Catholicism

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20
Q

Schmalkaldic League

A

Formed after Diet of Augsburg

Defensive alliance to protect protestant princes against HRE emperor and catholic parties

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21
Q

Point of contention between luther and zwingli

A

Eucharist. Luther believed in transubstantiation and that it was literal, zwingli didn’t.

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22
Q

Anabaptists

A

believed in only adult baptism

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23
Q

John Calvin (who, what, why)

A

Believed in: predestination, and to re-order society according to God’s plan. Wanted a theocracy.
Founded the Calvinist religion

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24
Q

Lutheranism in Denmark

A

Christain II (king) introduced it

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25
Q

Religious significance of Magdeburg

A

Place in germany to which people went to be safe/ protect their protestant beliefs.

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26
Q

Henry VIII

A

King of England.
Wrote “Defence of the 7 Sacraments” and pope Leo X called him “Defender of the Faith”
Created Anglican church to divorce Catherine of Aragon.
Wanted a male heir.

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27
Q

The King’s “Great Matter”

A

Henry VIII wanting to divorge Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn.
Henry executed Thomas Wolsey because he couldn’t get the anullment.

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28
Q

Reformation Parliament, measures and legislations

1529-36

A

placing royal authority over religious matter.

Henry = head of church of England

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29
Q

Act of Succession

A

1534: Legitimized children of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn (Mary is taken out of line of succession)

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30
Q

Act of Supremacy

A

1534: Declared Henry VIII the supreme head of the church of England

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31
Q

Act of Uniformity

A

1549 & 1552: Edward VI standardize all prayers, hymns, teachings, practices.
Enforced the Book of the Common Prayer

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32
Q

Wives of Henry VIII

A

Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr

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33
Q

Tudor Monarchs

A

Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, Elizabeth I

34
Q

Six Articles

A

1539: Henry VIII.
aka Whip with the 6 Stings
reaffirmed catholic doctrines

35
Q

Early reform movements from within Catholic church

A

Theatines, Capuchins, Somaschi & Barnabites, Ursulines, Oratorians, St. Teresa & St. John.

36
Q

Jesuits

A

1530: Society of Jesus
Founded by Ignatius of Loyala
very strict, complete following of church authority

37
Q

Ignatius of Loyola

A

Founded Jesuits, wrote “spiritual exercises”
was a Hapsburg soldier
from spain

38
Q

Council of Trent

A

1545-63: 3 diff sessions, 4 diff popes
controlled by pope
reforms: Internal church discipline, curtail simony, limit benefices, make diocese & parishes organized (people in charge had to live near), seminaries, to educate priests.

39
Q

Miguel de Cervantes

A

No proper education, went to africa- became slave, prison, accountant

DON QUIXOTE: 1605 & 1615: portrayal between idealism and realism

40
Q

William Shakespeare

A

1564-1616: Lived in Elizabethan age

wrote: Romeo & Juliet, King Leer, Otello, Macbeth, Hamlet, Richard III

41
Q

Baroque & plain architectural styles

A

Baroque: Catholic, fancy, not focusing on religion.
artist: peter paul reubens

Plain: Protestant, simple, focus on religion
artist: rembrant

42
Q

Politiques and examples

A

a leader that puts political stability over religious unity
ex. Elizabeth I, William of Orange, Henry IV
non ex. Mary I, Phillip II, Oliver Cromwell

43
Q

Competing families in france after death of Henry II

A

Bourbon: Conde
Montmorency: coligny
Guise: Francis

44
Q

Facts about French Protestants

A

Huguenots (mostly calvainist) contain aristocracy, discontented towns people. 1/15 of population

45
Q

Event which started the French Wars of Religion

A

Massacre at Vassy (1562)

Francis of Guise orders protestants to be killed because they are (rightfully) worshipping.

46
Q

Effect of the Peace of Saint Germain - en - Laye

A

ENDED 3rd War
acknowledges that nobility of france gains power
protestants gain power
coligny is close advisor to king
louis of nassau want to use coligny and french stuff to help dutch

47
Q

Facts about St. Bartholomew’s day massacre

A

AUG. 24, 1572
over 3,000 protestants killed in one day, 20,000 later
backfired against catholics
created protestant sympathies in other countries

48
Q

Henry IV of France

A

Henry III put him in line of succession before everyone else

  • Bourboun
  • aka henry of navar
  • Huguenot
  • married into the valois family
49
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

1598: Passed by Henry IV
made catholic official french religion
ended french wars of religion
gave protestants rights; public worship, assemble, hold office, universities, fortify towns

50
Q

Key players of french religious wars

A

henry III, henry IV (navar), henry guise, Catherine de medici

51
Q

Characteristics of Philip II

A

Made king in 1558, Son of Charles V, enforced council of trent on the dutch, married Mary I, Catholic, ruled over Spain, Netherlands, and new world

52
Q

The compromise

A

Dutch promised to resist decrees of the Council of Trent

resist inquisition

53
Q

Perpetual Edict of 1577

A

document saying that the Spanish forces would leave the Netherlands in 20 days after the signed agreement
made William of orange the “ruler” of the Netherlands

54
Q

Successors of Edward VI of England

A

Lady Jane Grey (nine days queen), Mary I, Elizabeth I

55
Q

Facts about Mary I

A 
very catholic
married phillip of spain (II)
killed lady jane grey
"forced" Elizabeth to keep England Catholic
lost Calais at the end of her reign
Marian persectutions
Marian exiles
56
Q

Facts about the Elizabethan settlement

A

made anglican church seem catholic (outward) but the teachings were protestant
attempted to settle protestant’s and catholic’s differences in England

57
Q

Thirty Nine Articles

A

1563: Elizabeth I,
moderate protestantism is the official religion
brought back the book of the common prayer

58
Q

Preconditions of the Thirty year’s war

A

Fragmented Germany, Religious division, Calvinism and the Palatinate, Maximilian of Bavaria and the Catholic league

59
Q

Ecclesiastical Reservation

A

If you become protestant, you can’t keep your catholic land and vis a versa

60
Q

Place of outbreak of 30 yrs war

A

Bohemia

61
Q

Phases of the 30 yrs war

A

Bohemian (1618-25)
Danish (1625-29)
Swedish (1630-35)
Swedish-French (1635-48)

62
Q

Defenstration of Prague

A

in reaction to Ferdinand’s taking of protestant’s rights, protestants threw his regents out the window! into poop

63
Q

Battle of Breitenfeld

A

Gustavus Adolfus II had the most decisive victory of the war

1630 (most decisive engagement)

64
Q

Peace of Prague

A

1635: German Protestant states compromise with Ferdinand

france & netherlands support sweden

65
Q

Depopulation of germany cuz of 30 yrs war

A

1/3 decrease

66
Q

Treaty of Westphalia

A 
1648: Ended 30 yrs war
written in french
took back edict of restitution
re-asserted peace of Augsburg
swiss & netherlands indépendance
Bavaria = elector state
67
Q

Protestants views on marriage

A

If you want to be married, you can. More likely to issue a divorce if you want one.

68
Q

Wet nursing characteristics

A

having another woman nurse your baby for you. Condemned by the church (catholic), popular among upper class, increased mortality rate in babies.

69
Q

Climax of Spanish/English hostilities

A

1588: Defeat of the spanish armada

70
Q

Condition of the spanish economy in the 1500s and 1600s (16th and 17th century)

A

Growing demand for things (growing population)
not enough stuff for people
led to inflation in prices

71
Q

Philip II’s foreign policy and action during 1st half of reign

A

Focused in the Mediterranean against Turks. Battle of Lepanto 1871

72
Q

Major area of resistance that prevented spanish world empire

A

Netherlands

73
Q

Causes for outbreak of war between Spain and England

A

1568: Duke of Alba takes 10,000 troups to Netherlands: Elizabeth feels threatened
1570: Elizabeth excommunicated
1572: pirating (sir francis drake)
1587: Mary queen of scots is executed

74
Q

reasons for Pope Sixtus V’s support for Spain against England

A

execution of Mary queen of scots

75
Q

Significance of the defeat of the spanish armada

A

marked the beginning of spanish power decline. France is now the big power, Netherlands and England benefit.

76
Q

significance of Bavaria to the Thirty years war

A

major center of catholic power

77
Q

Germany’s importance to traders and merchants

A

“Europe’s Highway” good relative geography

78
Q

Significance of Heidelberg

A

“German Geneva” center of Calvanism in the HRE

intellectual center

79
Q

defensive alliance of palatine calvinists

A

England, France, Netherlands

80
Q

Reason for beginning of Thirty Years’ War

A

Defenstration of Prague.

Ferdinand was stamping out protestant in HRE

81
Q

Actions of Ferdinand, king of Bavaria

A

revoked religious freedoms of Bohemian Protestants

82
Q

Edict of Restitution

A

Calvinism is made illegal in the Danish stage of the war

Ap Euro by Sami (6 decks)

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