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Ap Euro by Sami > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Emergence of Netherlands as a nation

16th/17th c.

A

1572: After revolting against Spain
naval wars w/ England,
William III of Orange is leader

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2
Q

religious characteristics of Netherlands

16th/17th c.

A

many religions lived together peacefully

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3
Q

governmental system of N. Lands

16th/17th c.

A

republic, states general, led by William III of Orange

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4
Q

Reasons for dutch economic prosperity and decline

A

Prosperity: urban consolidation, transformed agriculture, extensive trade & finance, overseas commercial empire

Decline: William III of Orange dies, loss of unified political leadership

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5
Q

William III of Orange

A

1650-1702, hereditary chief exec, of Holland

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6
Q

Two most important models of European political organization

A

political absolutism, parliamentary monarchy

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7
Q

characteristics of absolute rule

A

divine right of kings, no limitation of power

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8
Q

characteristics of and facts about James I, his rule and relationship with parliament

A

established impositions, rebuffed puritans, kept episcopal system, rarely called parliament, didn’t want them to limit his power.

king’s court positions could be bought, center of scandal & corruption

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9
Q

reasons for suspicion of James I foreign policy

A

peace w/ spain, attempt to relax penal laws agains catholics, hesitant to rush troops to germany to help protestants during 30 yrs war, attempted son’s marriage to a spanish princess, his own marriage to a French Catholic.

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10
Q

Charles I’s extra parliamentary measures

A

levying new tariffs & duties, attempting to collect discontinued taxes, subjecting land owners to a forced loan, quartering troops into private homes

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11
Q

the petition of right

A

no forced loans or taxation w/ out consent of parliament, no freeman imprisoned w/ out due cause, troops shouldn’t be billeted in private homes

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12
Q

consequences of the religious policies of charles I

A

war w/ scotland, called the short parliament

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13
Q

facts about the english civil war

A

parliament: alliance w/ scotland, parliament = presbyterian system, oliver cromwell re-organized the parliamentary army.

Charles: tried to divide & conquer parliament, all royalists were exhumed from parliament

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14
Q

England under Oliver Cromwell

A

Helped defeat charles I. Established puritanical monarchy. Disbanded parliament when they wanted to take his army away. “Lord protector”, wanted religious conformity

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15
Q

state of england after Cromwell and what they wanted to restore

A

restore anglican church & the monarchy

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16
Q

Facts about the Treaty of Dover

A

1670: England + France against Dutch, Charles II promised to announce his catholicism (waited until almost dead), Louis XIV gave Charles II $ for war.

Charles established a declaration of indulgence (1672) that suspended all laws against catholics.

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17
Q

The Test Act

A

passed by parliament
required all civil and military officials to swear against transubstantiation.
aimed at charles II’s brother, James, so he couldn’t change England to catholicism

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18
Q

The popish plot

A

1678: Liar named TITUS OATES told everyone that Charles’ wife was planning on killing him so James could take the crown and truly turn England catholic.

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19
Q

Declaration of indulgence of 1687

A

suspended all religious tests and permitted free worship

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20
Q

Facts about the GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

A

“the bloodless revolution” William III of orange comes to England w/ army - receives no opposition. Mary II and Will III are now co-monarchs of england

James, prince of wales told them to invade

M & W were forced to sign Bill of Rights

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21
Q

The act of settlement of 1701

A

provided the english crown to go to the Hanover (german) family

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22
Q

the act of union 1707

A

England and Scotland combine to create U.K. (Great Britain)

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23
Q

Facts about Robert Walpole

A 
First prime minister of England 
1721-1742
handled house of commons
controlled govnt patronage
^ foreign and domestic affairs
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24
Q

Facts about Cardinal Armand Richelieu

A

Chief minister of Louis XIII
attempted to impose direct royal administration on france
stopped some privileges for protestants from the edict of nantes
wanted to centralize

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25
Q

Louis XIV relationship with French nobility

A

largely worked with nobility
subtle absolutism
wanted to keep check on their power
made sure they benefited from the growth of his authority

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26
Q

Symbol of Louis XIV

A

Sun King

“I am the state”

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27
Q

Reign of Louis XIV

A

1643-1715

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28
Q

significance of versailles

A

shows nobles that Louis has more power, people who lived there depended on him, made them think they had power

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29
Q

religious policies of Louis XIV

A

ignored gallican liberties, revocation of the Edict of Nantes

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30
Q

Characteristics of Jansenists

A 
Formed by Cornelius Jansen
^ wrote "Augustinius"
belived in ORIGINAL SIN & PREDESTINATION
technically catholic
very strict (like puritans)
anti-royalist
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31
Q

Results of the revocation of the edict of nantes

A
  1. closed all protestant worship building
  2. protestant ministers are exiled
  3. indentured servitude
  4. all children must be baptized as catholics
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32
Q

finance minister of louis XIV

A

Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683)

helped him raise a powerful army

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33
Q

Wars fought during the reign of Louis XIV

A
  1. WAR OF DEVOLUTION (1667-68) felt that spanish didn’t pay full dowery to him
  2. FRANC0-DUTCH WAR (1672-79) England and france against netherlands
  3. NINE YRS WAR (1689-97) league of augsburg
  4. WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION (1701-14) “the grand alliance”
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34
Q

facts about the war of spanish succession

A

Philip V gets spain (grandson of Louis XIV)

“The grand alliance” = france + spain

treaty of utrecht (1713) between grand alliance and england-
england gets gibraltar and manorca

treaty of rasatt (1714) peace with europe. spain loses nether lands to austria

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35
Q

France after the reign of Louis XIV

A

Louis XV (1715-1774)
duke of orleans (regent, bad leader)
john law makes paper money- royal bank & mississippi company
leads to MISSISSIPPI BUBBLE

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36
Q

economic beliefs of John Law

A

make paper $ more valuable than gold, people buy more

led to an economic depression

37
Q

Characteristics and facts about 17th century central and eastern Europe

A 
less advanced than western Europe
didn't possess overseas empire
traded grain w/ western
political authorities were weak
agrarian economy
almost constant warfare
38
Q

dynasties of central and eastern europe

A
  1. Austria - Hapsburg
  2. Prussia - Hohenzollern
  3. russia - Romanov
39
Q

political/social characteristics of 17th & 18th century Poland

A

absense of strong central authority
central legislative body = SEJM or DIET
^ liberum veto (requires 100% agreement or they disband)
had foreign rulers

40
Q

the Pragmatic Sanction

A

1713: Charles VI
this provided ^ a legal basis for a single line of inheritance within Hapsburg dynasty through his daughter, Maria Theresa

41
Q

Rulers of Prussia and facts associated with each

A 
FREDERICK WILLIAM (r. 1640-1688): "The Great Elector" established strong centralization
FREDERICK I (r. 1688-1713): "King of Prussia" used $ for luxury
FREDERICK WILLIAM I (r. 1713-1740): army from 39,000 to 80,000 but he avoided conflict
FREDERICK II (r. 1740-1786): "Frederick the great" made Prussia one of the strongest empires, invaded Silesia
42
Q

Aftermath of the reign of Ivan IV in Russia

A

“Time of Troubles” Russia was on the outside of politics, no warm water ports. didn’t send ambassadors to Europe

43
Q

Power of Boyars during reign of Peter the great

A

restricted

had to shave beards, dress differently

44
Q

Facts about the Great Northern War

A

Russia vs. Sweden
righting over foothold on the Baltic
Russia wins a warm water port

45
Q

Significance of St. Petersburg

A

Symbol of westernization in Russia

46
Q

Reforms of Peter the Great and their purpose

A
  1. administrative colleges: oversaw economy, domestic & foreign affairs, military
  2. table of ranks: changed social ranks, must be part of the administrative colleges to be a noble
  3. Holy synod: secular control
47
Q

Characteristics of the legacy of Peter the Great

A

expanded Russian territory
created military that gained warm water port (300,000 soldiers)
built petersburg
took authority from the elite
MADE RUSSIA RELEVANT to european politics
laid the ground work for a modern state, not necessarily stable

48
Q

Galileo and his views on how nature should be understood and explained

A

thought that universe was rational

everything was explained by mathematical laws

49
Q

17th c. scientists

A

Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, Newton

50
Q

Characteristics/ descriptions of the scientific revolution

A

widespread, informal, few people, slow

51
Q

Descriptions of differing views of the universe

A

Ptolemaic/ geocentrism
Copernican/ heliocentrism
Tychonic/ geo - helio

52
Q

Facts/ characteristics of the traditional view of the universe prior to the scientific revolution

A

ptolemaic system, geocentrism, epicycles & deferents

53
Q

Copernican system of the universe

A

heliocentrism.

“On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”

54
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus’ contributions to the scientific revolution

A

sun-centered. not a perfect-circle orbit

55
Q

Tycho Brahe’s contributions to the scientific revolution

A

astronomical data

“last naked eye astronomer”

56
Q

Johannes Kepler’s contributions to the scientific revolution

A

eliptical orbits

“The New Astronomy”

57
Q

Facts about Isaac Newton and his contributions to the Scientific Revolution

A

Everything supported by math = “Principia mathematica” 1687

Gravity: a natural phenomena by which objects of mass attract another

58
Q

Galileo’s literary works

A

the starry messenger,

letters on sunspots

59
Q

Galileo’s major contributions to Scientific Rev.

A

1609: Improved the telescope to look to the sky
real EVIDENCE to orbits
moons of jupiter “medici stars”

60
Q

Mechanism and what natural philosophers believed it achieved

A

to explain the world in terms of mechanical metaphors, symbol was a clock

61
Q

Facts about Francis Bacon and his contributions to S. R.

1561-1626

A

well rounded: lawyer, royal official, author of many things
FATHER OF EMPIRICISM and experimentation
set an intellectual tone and helped create a climate conductive to scientific work
the advancement of learning, “NOVUM ORGANUM”
championed innovation and change
INDUCTIVE REASONING

62
Q

cartesian dualism

A

suggested by Rene Descartes,

  1. thinking things (thoughts)
  2. things that occupy space
63
Q

beliefs on knowledge according to Francis Bacon

A

scientific method / inductive reasoning
believed that there is MANY MORE things to learn (infinite)
men of experiment & dogmas

64
Q

Descartes view of nature

A

deductive reasoning
general to specific
God created all
“I think, therefore I am”

65
Q

Thomas Hobbes: Literary work, favored govt.

A

Leviathan, absolute government

66
Q

Thomas Hobbes: social contract

A

tyranny over anarchy

give up rights (so there is no chaos)

67
Q

Thomas Hobbes: view of humanity

A

selfish, egotistical, want power

68
Q

John Locke: Literary works

A

Two treatises of Govnt., Letter concerning religious tolerations, Essay concerning human understanding

69
Q

John locke: view on role of govnt.

A

limited government, protects “natural rights” of the people, no absolutism

70
Q

John Locke: view on people and their rights

A

natural rights, right to rebel, puritan toleration, put people in positive environment (start with Tabula Rasa)

71
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

Clean slate.
people start with ^ and their environment effects them.
basic thought of John Locke’s book, “essay concerning human understanding”

72
Q

Role of women during the scientific revolution

A

mostly excluded. some noble women & artisans participated (or through husbands or male relatives)

73
Q

Maria Winkelmann’s contribution to sci rev.

A

astronomy, discovered comet

74
Q

Trial of Galileo

A

1633: Wrote “dialogue on the two chief world system” which led to an inquisition by Urban XIII, Galileo forced to recant, lives under house arrest

75
Q

Movements/events o the 18th century influenced by the new science

A

the enlightenment

76
Q

Blaise Pascal literary works

77
Q

Blaise Pascal views on God and mankind

A
  1. loving god

2. we not worthy unless we have faith

78
Q

Blaise Pascal opposition to groups of ppl:

A

Jesuits & catholic church (works of satisfaction, indulgences)
atheists and deists

79
Q

Pascal’s famous wager

A

might as well take the leap of faith

80
Q

physic-theology

A

religious though from observing nature/ theological empiricism.
science- rational god-rational humanity-scientific innovation= better life

81
Q

causes of the witch hunts

A

mysogyny toward women, superstition, age of reformation, religious wars

82
Q

results of the witch hunts and panic

A

execution of 70-100,000 accused witches

83
Q

targets of witchcraft

A

80% were women, 40 + yrs, cunning folk (accused of malefice)

84
Q

reasons for end of witch hunts

A

got out of control, scientific rev.

85
Q

emergence of baroque art

86
Q

characteristics of Baroque art/technique

A

naturalistic, realism, depth, color, vibrant

87
Q

Baroque artists

A

Michelangelo, Louis Lenain, Gilan Lorenzo Bernini

88
Q

Baroque monuments

A

St. Peters basilica, chair of st. peter resting in the shoulder of the 4 church fathers, stanta marie church (st. theresa of aula)

Ap Euro by Sami (6 decks)

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