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Ap Euro by Sami > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Emergence of Netherlands as a nation

16th/17th c.

A

1572: After revolting against Spain
naval wars w/ England,
William III of Orange is leader

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2
Q

religious characteristics of Netherlands

16th/17th c.

A

many religions lived together peacefully

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3
Q

governmental system of N. Lands

16th/17th c.

A

republic, states general, led by William III of Orange

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4
Q

Reasons for dutch economic prosperity and decline

A

Prosperity: urban consolidation, transformed agriculture, extensive trade & finance, overseas commercial empire

Decline: William III of Orange dies, loss of unified political leadership

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5
Q

William III of Orange

A

1650-1702, hereditary chief exec, of Holland

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6
Q

Two most important models of European political organization

A

political absolutism, parliamentary monarchy

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7
Q

characteristics of absolute rule

A

divine right of kings, no limitation of power

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8
Q

characteristics of and facts about James I, his rule and relationship with parliament

A

established impositions, rebuffed puritans, kept episcopal system, rarely called parliament, didn’t want them to limit his power.

king’s court positions could be bought, center of scandal & corruption

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9
Q

reasons for suspicion of James I foreign policy

A

peace w/ spain, attempt to relax penal laws agains catholics, hesitant to rush troops to germany to help protestants during 30 yrs war, attempted son’s marriage to a spanish princess, his own marriage to a French Catholic.

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10
Q

Charles I’s extra parliamentary measures

A

levying new tariffs & duties, attempting to collect discontinued taxes, subjecting land owners to a forced loan, quartering troops into private homes

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11
Q

the petition of right

A

no forced loans or taxation w/ out consent of parliament, no freeman imprisoned w/ out due cause, troops shouldn’t be billeted in private homes

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12
Q

consequences of the religious policies of charles I

A

war w/ scotland, called the short parliament

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13
Q

facts about the english civil war

A

parliament: alliance w/ scotland, parliament = presbyterian system, oliver cromwell re-organized the parliamentary army.

Charles: tried to divide & conquer parliament, all royalists were exhumed from parliament

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14
Q

England under Oliver Cromwell

A

Helped defeat charles I. Established puritanical monarchy. Disbanded parliament when they wanted to take his army away. “Lord protector”, wanted religious conformity

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15
Q

state of england after Cromwell and what they wanted to restore

A

restore anglican church & the monarchy

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16
Q

Facts about the Treaty of Dover

A

1670: England + France against Dutch, Charles II promised to announce his catholicism (waited until almost dead), Louis XIV gave Charles II $ for war.

Charles established a declaration of indulgence (1672) that suspended all laws against catholics.

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17
Q

The Test Act

A

passed by parliament
required all civil and military officials to swear against transubstantiation.
aimed at charles II’s brother, James, so he couldn’t change England to catholicism

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18
Q

The popish plot

A

1678: Liar named TITUS OATES told everyone that Charles’ wife was planning on killing him so James could take the crown and truly turn England catholic.

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19
Q

Declaration of indulgence of 1687

A

suspended all religious tests and permitted free worship

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20
Q

Facts about the GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

A

“the bloodless revolution” William III of orange comes to England w/ army - receives no opposition. Mary II and Will III are now co-monarchs of england

James, prince of wales told them to invade

M & W were forced to sign Bill of Rights

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21
Q

The act of settlement of 1701

A

provided the english crown to go to the Hanover (german) family

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22
Q

the act of union 1707

A

England and Scotland combine to create U.K. (Great Britain)

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23
Q

Facts about Robert Walpole

A 
First prime minister of England 
1721-1742
handled house of commons
controlled govnt patronage
^ foreign and domestic affairs
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24
Q

Facts about Cardinal Armand Richelieu

A

Chief minister of Louis XIII
attempted to impose direct royal administration on france
stopped some privileges for protestants from the edict of nantes
wanted to centralize

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25
Louis XIV relationship with French nobility
largely worked with nobility subtle absolutism wanted to keep check on their power made sure they benefited from the growth of his authority
26
Symbol of Louis XIV
Sun King | "I am the state"
27
Reign of Louis XIV
1643-1715
28
significance of versailles
shows nobles that Louis has more power, people who lived there depended on him, made them think they had power
29
religious policies of Louis XIV
ignored gallican liberties, revocation of the Edict of Nantes
30
Characteristics of Jansenists
``` Formed by Cornelius Jansen ^ wrote "Augustinius" belived in ORIGINAL SIN & PREDESTINATION technically catholic very strict (like puritans) anti-royalist ```
31
Results of the revocation of the edict of nantes
1. closed all protestant worship building 2. protestant ministers are exiled 3. indentured servitude 4. all children must be baptized as catholics
32
finance minister of louis XIV
Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683) | helped him raise a powerful army
33
Wars fought during the reign of Louis XIV
1. WAR OF DEVOLUTION (1667-68) felt that spanish didn't pay full dowery to him 2. FRANC0-DUTCH WAR (1672-79) England and france against netherlands 3. NINE YRS WAR (1689-97) league of augsburg 4. WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION (1701-14) "the grand alliance"
34
facts about the war of spanish succession
Philip V gets spain (grandson of Louis XIV) "The grand alliance" = france + spain treaty of utrecht (1713) between grand alliance and england- england gets gibraltar and manorca treaty of rasatt (1714) peace with europe. spain loses nether lands to austria
35
France after the reign of Louis XIV
Louis XV (1715-1774) duke of orleans (regent, bad leader) john law makes paper money- royal bank & mississippi company leads to MISSISSIPPI BUBBLE
36
economic beliefs of John Law
make paper $ more valuable than gold, people buy more led to an economic depression
37
Characteristics and facts about 17th century central and eastern Europe
``` less advanced than western Europe didn't possess overseas empire traded grain w/ western political authorities were weak agrarian economy almost constant warfare ```
38
dynasties of central and eastern europe
1. Austria - Hapsburg 2. Prussia - Hohenzollern 3. russia - Romanov
39
political/social characteristics of 17th & 18th century Poland
absense of strong central authority central legislative body = SEJM or DIET ^ liberum veto (requires 100% agreement or they disband) had foreign rulers
40
the Pragmatic Sanction
1713: Charles VI this provided ^ a legal basis for a single line of inheritance within Hapsburg dynasty through his daughter, Maria Theresa
41
Rulers of Prussia and facts associated with each
``` FREDERICK WILLIAM (r. 1640-1688): "The Great Elector" established strong centralization FREDERICK I (r. 1688-1713): "King of Prussia" used $ for luxury FREDERICK WILLIAM I (r. 1713-1740): army from 39,000 to 80,000 but he avoided conflict FREDERICK II (r. 1740-1786): "Frederick the great" made Prussia one of the strongest empires, invaded Silesia ```
42
Aftermath of the reign of Ivan IV in Russia
"Time of Troubles" Russia was on the outside of politics, no warm water ports. didn't send ambassadors to Europe
43
Power of Boyars during reign of Peter the great
restricted | had to shave beards, dress differently
44
Facts about the Great Northern War
Russia vs. Sweden righting over foothold on the Baltic Russia wins a warm water port
45
Significance of St. Petersburg
Symbol of westernization in Russia
46
Reforms of Peter the Great and their purpose
1. administrative colleges: oversaw economy, domestic & foreign affairs, military 2. table of ranks: changed social ranks, must be part of the administrative colleges to be a noble 3. Holy synod: secular control
47
Characteristics of the legacy of Peter the Great
expanded Russian territory created military that gained warm water port (300,000 soldiers) built petersburg took authority from the elite MADE RUSSIA RELEVANT to european politics laid the ground work for a modern state, not necessarily stable
48
Galileo and his views on how nature should be understood and explained
thought that universe was rational | everything was explained by mathematical laws
49
17th c. scientists
Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, Newton
50
Characteristics/ descriptions of the scientific revolution
widespread, informal, few people, slow
51
Descriptions of differing views of the universe
Ptolemaic/ geocentrism Copernican/ heliocentrism Tychonic/ geo - helio
52
Facts/ characteristics of the traditional view of the universe prior to the scientific revolution
ptolemaic system, geocentrism, epicycles & deferents
53
Copernican system of the universe
heliocentrism. | "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres"
54
Nicolaus Copernicus' contributions to the scientific revolution
sun-centered. not a perfect-circle orbit
55
Tycho Brahe's contributions to the scientific revolution
astronomical data | "last naked eye astronomer"
56
Johannes Kepler's contributions to the scientific revolution
eliptical orbits | "The New Astronomy"
57
Facts about Isaac Newton and his contributions to the Scientific Revolution
Everything supported by math = "Principia mathematica" 1687 | Gravity: a natural phenomena by which objects of mass attract another
58
Galileo's literary works
the starry messenger, | letters on sunspots
59
Galileo's major contributions to Scientific Rev.
1609: Improved the telescope to look to the sky real EVIDENCE to orbits moons of jupiter "medici stars"
60
Mechanism and what natural philosophers believed it achieved
to explain the world in terms of mechanical metaphors, symbol was a clock
61
Facts about Francis Bacon and his contributions to S. R. | 1561-1626
well rounded: lawyer, royal official, author of many things FATHER OF EMPIRICISM and experimentation set an intellectual tone and helped create a climate conductive to scientific work the advancement of learning, "NOVUM ORGANUM" championed innovation and change INDUCTIVE REASONING
62
cartesian dualism
suggested by Rene Descartes, 1. thinking things (thoughts) 2. things that occupy space
63
beliefs on knowledge according to Francis Bacon
scientific method / inductive reasoning believed that there is MANY MORE things to learn (infinite) men of experiment & dogmas
64
Descartes view of nature
deductive reasoning general to specific God created all "I think, therefore I am"
65
Thomas Hobbes: Literary work, favored govt.
Leviathan, absolute government
66
Thomas Hobbes: social contract
tyranny over anarchy | give up rights (so there is no chaos)
67
Thomas Hobbes: view of humanity
selfish, egotistical, want power
68
John Locke: Literary works
Two treatises of Govnt., Letter concerning religious tolerations, Essay concerning human understanding
69
John locke: view on role of govnt.
limited government, protects "natural rights" of the people, no absolutism
70
John Locke: view on people and their rights
natural rights, right to rebel, puritan toleration, put people in positive environment (start with Tabula Rasa)
71
Tabula Rasa
Clean slate. people start with ^ and their environment effects them. basic thought of John Locke's book, "essay concerning human understanding"
72
Role of women during the scientific revolution
mostly excluded. some noble women & artisans participated (or through husbands or male relatives)
73
Maria Winkelmann's contribution to sci rev.
astronomy, discovered comet
74
Trial of Galileo
1633: Wrote "dialogue on the two chief world system" which led to an inquisition by Urban XIII, Galileo forced to recant, lives under house arrest
75
Movements/events o the 18th century influenced by the new science
the enlightenment
76
Blaise Pascal literary works
Pensees
77
Blaise Pascal views on God and mankind
1. loving god | 2. we not worthy unless we have faith
78
Blaise Pascal opposition to groups of ppl:
Jesuits & catholic church (works of satisfaction, indulgences) atheists and deists
79
Pascal's famous wager
might as well take the leap of faith
80
physic-theology
religious though from observing nature/ theological empiricism. science- rational god-rational humanity-scientific innovation= better life
81
causes of the witch hunts
mysogyny toward women, superstition, age of reformation, religious wars
82
results of the witch hunts and panic
execution of 70-100,000 accused witches
83
targets of witchcraft
80% were women, 40 + yrs, cunning folk (accused of malefice)
84
reasons for end of witch hunts
got out of control, scientific rev.
85
emergence of baroque art
dunno
86
characteristics of Baroque art/technique
naturalistic, realism, depth, color, vibrant
87
Baroque artists
Michelangelo, Louis Lenain, Gilan Lorenzo Bernini
88
Baroque monuments
St. Peters basilica, chair of st. peter resting in the shoulder of the 4 church fathers, stanta marie church (st. theresa of aula)

Ap Euro by Sami (6 decks)

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