unit 4 1st sac Flashcards
economic characteristics of high-income countries
in high-income countries have a higher average-income country because their is a larger range of industries
social characteristics of high-income countries
higher income countries have more access to technology because they have more resources and more money tp spend on technology
environmental characteristics of high-income countries
high-income countries have more access to sanitation because they have limited LIC’s which result in contaminated water
social characteristics of middle
in middle-income countries education levels are increasing and many people have sufficient access to education however their are large populations that lack access to education
factors that contribute to similarities and differences in health status and burden of diease
access to safe water,
sanitation
poverty
global distribution and marketing
and inequality and distribution
safe water description
water that is contaminated with disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses
how does safe water relate to health status
In low-income countries, women often have to walk long distances to collect water multiple times a day. As it is often carried on the head, this increases the incidence and prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions within these countries, when compared to Australia
how does safe water relate to the burden of disease?
a decrease in safe water means an increased risk of contracting water born disease. Low-income countries with more limited access to safe water have higher YLL’s and DALY associated with conditions such as cholera compared to high-income countries
how does safe water relate to hwb
limits the ability to connect with others and create positive, meaningful relationships, negatively impacting social HWB, when compared to those in high-income countries
Sanitation
refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human waste, and the maintenance of hygienic conditions
how does lack of sanitation relate to the burden of disease
lack of sanitation increases the likelihood of people relieving themselves by defecating in waterways used for drinking, there is an increase in the number of DALY associated with infectious and parasitic diseases such as cholera
environmental characteristics of middle-income countries
many people in the population have high access to adequate infrastructure such as roads and facilities whilst there is still a large proportion of of the population that is living around and in inadequate infrastructure
economic characteristic of middle-income countries
middle-income countries have a large part of the population that isn’t in poverty but there is still a proportion of the population that is living in poverty
social characteristics of low-income countries
in low-income countries, there are high birth rates then in middle and high-income countries because their is a lack of birth control and prevention measures
economic characteristics of low-income countries
lower-income countries have higher rates of poverty than middle and high-income countries because of the lack of resources as a result of lack of money
environmental characteristics of low-income countries
lower-income countries have lower rates of carbon dioxide emission due to the lack of industries and businesses producing carbon into the air
social characteristic of low income countries
2nd reason
lower levels of education in low-income countries compared to high and middle-income countries due to the government not spending or having the funding to pay for the schools which results in the families having to pay
economic characteristics of low income countries
2nd reason
in lower-income countries, there are limited opportunities for global trade due to the lack of industries
environmental characteristics of low income countries
2nd reason
lower-income countries have less access to safe water
social characteristics of high-income countries
2nd reason
in higher-income countries, the population has more access to healthcare due to them mostly not having to pay for basic healthcare resources
environmental characteristic of high income countries
2nd reason
in higher-income countries, they have access to safe water
economic characteristic of high income countries
2nd reason
have good opportunities for global trade due to their being a larger range of industries and infrastructure
social Characteristics of a middle-income country
2nd reason
middle-income countries have a high employment rate but there are still areas in that country that have low levels of employment
economic characteristic of middle-income countries
2nd reason
middle-income countries have a large number of industries but not as many as high-income countries
environmental characteristic of middle income countries
2nd reason
in middle-income countries, food security is still very common in parts of the population but in other parts of the population there is no food security
how does the lack of sanitation relate to health status?
When girls are not provided with separate toilet facilities, they are often forced to relieve themselves when it is dark. This increases the incidence of injuries through violence against women
how does lack of sanitation relate to hwb
repeated infection through lack of adequate sanitation often means big financial burdens to families adding stress and anxiety to their lives which impacts negatively on their mental hwb
define poverty
Poverty refers to deprivation. This deprivation often stems from a lack of income but presents as a lack of material resources such as food, shelter, clean water, and healthcare
poverty can prevent:
healthcare
education
adequate housing
the poverty cycle
low income
poor living conditions
poor hwb
lack of education
inability to secure meaningful employment
how does poverty relate to health status?
those that live in poverty often have to cook in environments with limited ventilation. this exposure to indoor air pollution increases the morbidity associated with respiratory conditions
how does poverty relate to the burden of disease?
Low levels of education associated with poverty results in a decrease in health literacy. This is a risk factor for mortality from conditions associated with poverty such as HIV/AIDS
how does poverty relate to hwb
Undernutrition is often a flow-on effect of living in poverty. This leads to a decrease in immune system function, which leads to an increase in illness contraction. Ultimately, this reduces physical health and wellbeing
define global distribution and marketing
Strategies used to attract customers to aid the process of spreading or supplying something on a global scale.
define discrimination and inequality
the unjust treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex.
how does global distribution and marketing relate to health status
those living in low-income countries are more likely to smoke tobacco as there has been a significant increase in marketing for smoking. Therefore people from lic will likely have a higher incidence of developing lung cancer
how do global distribution and marketing relate to the burden of disease?
in low-income countries, financial resources are often scarce, and money that is spent on tobacco may leave less money available to spend on food and basic healthcare. This can increase the rates of yld
how does global distribution and marketing relate to hwb
alcohol misuse can dominate people’s lives which decreases opportunities for them to lead healthy lives which can increase stress and anxiety levels which negatively impacts an individuals mental health and wellbeing
how do inequality and discrimination relate to health status?
those living in low-income countries indigenous people suffer higher rates of ill health and disability and have dramatically shorter life expectancy than other groups living in the same country
how does inequality and discrimination relate to burden of disease
racism is a life stressor that directly and negatively affects the cardiovascular system causing high blood pressure and hypertension which can increase the rates of yld
how does inequality and discrimination relate to hwb
when being racially discriminated against, you can feel anxious and stressed going to school or work which can negatively impact an individual’s mental hwb
define sustainability
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
the three pillars of sustainability
social, environmental and economic
define economic sustainability
this dimension relates to the capacity of future generations to earn an income and the efficient use of the resources to allow economic growth over time
how does economic sustainability promote hwb
ensuring that all people can earn a decent income. This allows people to purchase health-promoting resources including food, shelter, safe water, and education. This promotes physical hwb
what are the four factors involved with economic sustainability?
innovation and diversity of industries
job creation
economic growth
and trade
innovation and diversity of industries
countries require a range of industries to promote economic growth and stability
how does access to safe water and decent working conditions promote hwb
people working in safe and decent jobs are more likely to experience positive emotions including pride and satisfaction which promotes emotional hwb
promotion of political and legal rights
Women, indigenous populations, and ethnic minorities are often underrepresented in governments and this happens in high middle and low income countries
how does the promotion of political and legal rights promote hwb
developing policies that prevent discrimination and promote equal opportunity for education and employment. This can reduce anxiety as people feel socially included which promotes mental hwb
peace and security
a peacefull environment are essential for promoting optimal hwb
when a country is in conflict, its level of hwb maybe is significantly lower than in times of peace.
how do peace and security promote hwb
1st reason
the environmental impact of war does not occur, which increases access to food and services such as health also better sanitation. This reduces the risk of malnutrition and premature death which promotes physical hwb
define environmental sustainability
ensuring that the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources in the future
environmental sustainability 4 concepts
biodiversity
use of natural resources
waste removal and pollution
climate change
define biodiversity
biodiversity relates to the variety of all forms of life: the different plants, animals, and micro organisms, te gens they contain, and the ecosystems of which they form apart of
what 4 resources of biodiversity are required for hwb
protection of water resources
fibers used for clothing
resources used for medicine
what happens to our hwb if a species is removed from the ecosystem
if a species is removed from an ecosystem, the ecosystem can become unbalanced and may not be able to carry out its processes effectively which can impact our hwb
use of natural resources
RENEWABLE resources
resources that are replenished naturally and over a relatively short period and include crop, water, oxygen and forests
what’s an example of a renewable resource
fishng is a source of food and income. If its managed in a sustainable way fish can be bred and replenish the same rate they are caught
example 2 of a renewable source
the timber industry harvests timber at a rate much faster then the trees can regenerate. It damages delicate ecosystems and affects the ability of future generations
use of natural resources
NON-RENEWABLE resources
resources that are not replenished in a short period of time, so once they are used they are not available for future generations. Include coal natural gas and nuclear substances
example of non-renewable resources
the electricity that 70 percent of the world use is generated using fossil fuels which is not sustainable and the fossil fuels will eventually run out
define waste removal and pollution
Maintaining clean ecosystems is important in maintaining environmental sustainability.
how do waste removal and pollution promote hwb
ensuring sustainable access to clean water can prevent infectious diseases and promote physical hwb
define climate change
Global temperature has increased and sea levels have risen
these changes will impact the weather impacting our hwb
how does minimizing climate change promote hwb
weather and rainfall will stabilise reducing the rate and severity of natural disasters. This reduces the number of injuries and death that occurred from those vents promoting physical hwb
define human development
Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities and having a decent standard of living
what does it mean expanding choices
developing a person’s abilities and giving them a chance to use them
enhancing capabilities
relating to what people can be
what is human development about
improving people’s lives, rather than assuming that economic growth will automatically lead to better lives for all
having more freedom and choices, so people can lead the life they value.
describe the concept of human development
lead long healthy lives
lead productive and creative live according to need and interests
have access to knowledge and expand their choices and capabilities
have access to the resource needed for a decent living standard
participate in the life of the community
what is the health development index?
measurement of human development across the globe. It references social and economic development and provides a single statistic out of one it was created by the united nations
what are the 3 dimensions of the health development index (HDI)
health
education
living standards
what are the 4 indicators of the HDI?
life expectancy at birth
mean years of schooling
expected years of schooling
gross national income per capita
define GNI
the overall income of a country after expenses owing to other countries have been paid, divided by the popluation
1 advantage of hdi
provides a more comprehensive representation of the level of human development experiences
2 advantages of HDI
the hdi provides a single statistic relating to the dimensions and indicator this makes the comparison easier
1 limitation of HDI
the HDI only reflects selected aspects of human development and therefore does not capture the depth of human development
2 limitations of HDI
the HDI is based on averages and therefore does not provide an indication of the inequalities that exist within countries
climate change
over the last 50 years, the burning of fossil fuels to provide energy has resulted in a 20 percent increase in the production of carbon dioxide
how have rising sea levels impacted hwb
people living in coastal areas will have to relocate due to the rising sea levels. This is a stressful process which can cause anxiety which can impact poorly on someones mental health
how do extreme weather events impact hwb
the quality of the air affected the availability of food and water which can lead to malnutrition which negatively impacts physical hwb
how does weather patterns and extreme weather events impact health and wellbeing
increased temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns. We will likely see an increase n a range of infectious diseases that impacts physical health negatively
mass migration
refers to the movement of large groups of people from one geographical area to another.
how does mass migration impact hwb
most individuals that are displaced due to mass migration are forced to leave their homes and jobs which result in them living under the poverty line. This can cause stress and anxiety which can impact negatively on individuals mental hwb
how does conflict impact hwb
the physical environment can be destroyed which limits access to supplies such as food and water. This can lead to malnutrition which can effect physical hwb
what does it mean by conflict?
conflict is serious disagreements between living beings that can result in war
define world trade
world trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries
how does job creation relate to hwb
adeqaute employment oppurtunities bc people can earn a wage and decent income which reduces stress and anxiety which promotes mental hwb
economic growth
for economic sustainability to occur. GNI needs to continuously increase to counter inflation rates, enabling governments to provide services to their people
trade
Producers in low- and middle-income countries must be able to trade their goods on the global market to increase their incomes and assist in growing their country’s economy
job creation
particular concern in low and middle income countries but all countries experience the negative impact of unemployment
social sustainability aspects
peace and secruity
gender equality
promotion of political and legal rights
access to safe and decent working conditions
elimination of poverty and the provision of social protection system
social sustainability
creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely
if poverty was eliminated and people has access to decent living standards how does this promote hwb
having a decent standard of living means that individuals have access to nutritious food and sanititised water and reducing the risk of infectious diseases which promotes physical hwb
provision of social protection systems
social protection systems provide support for vulnerbale people who are unable to earn an income, including as a result of illness and unemployment
how does gender equality promote economic sustainability
gender equality is still an issue globally. Gender equality means more educated people working productively which promotes economic sustainability which is an essential component
how does gender equality promote hwb
gender equailty promotes spiritual hwb as females feel more part of the society in which they live if they are socially included. By having more say in their community they feel more connected with their community
how does world trade impact hwb
an increase in employment levels, incomes and general standard of living in low and middle-income countries heps improve physical hwb by reducing hunger and providing resources for the provision of medical care
what is the aim of access to safe water and decent working conditions
all people can access meaningful employment including women, young people, and those with disabilities
tourism definition
entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes.
how does tourism impact hwb
tourism promotes inclusive and economic growth which increases job opportunities and when people earn a decent income they have reduced rates of stress and anxiety which positively promotes mental health wellbeing
how does digital technology impact hwb
developments in mobile phones have been able to inform individuals about vital health information they need to know. This improves their physical hwb as people are more aware of their own health
what are some challenges of digital technologys
there are issues regarding the privacy and safety of children whilst using digital technology
