hhd aos2 term 2 chapter 5, 6 and 7 Flashcards
infectious and parasitic disease
infectious -from one person to another
parasitic- these diseases occur when parasites enter the body ( through contaminated food)
cardiovascular disease
-involve heart and blood vessels and interfere with the blood getting circulated around the body
cancer (neoplasms)
increased contribution to mortality over time
respiratory diseases
-affects the lungs and other parts of the body involved in breathing
injury and poisoning
deaths from injury include those from motor vehicles and other accidents
changes in mortality and what killed us then and now
infectious and parasitic diseases
cancer
cardiovascular disease
respiratory diseases
injury and poisoning
public health
-Refers to the ways in which governments MONITOR, REGULATE and PROMOTE Health Status and prevent disease.
Policies and practices associated with old public health
1- Establishment of Govt funded water and sewage systems and better sanitation
2 – Quarantine laws
3- Improved food and nutrition
mass vaccination programs
a public health measure that improves health status
reduced levels of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases (eg smallpox)
old public health
Policies and practices introduced to improve the physical environment to stop the spread of disease and improve mortality rates and life expectancy
Policies and practices associated with old public health in improving health status
More hygienic birthing practices
(infant mortality rate)
quarantine laws( YLD)
MASSVACCINATIONPROGRAMS
Mass vaccination programs reduced levels of morbidity and mortality from infectious disease (Eg: smallpox, polio, tetanus and measles).
The Biomedical Model of Health
involves: DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT OF ILLNESS/CONDITIONS ONCE SYMPTOMS ARE ALREADY PRESENT
Biomedical Approach Focuses on:
Individual
The condition itself
Cure (not prevention)
Biomedical Approach is centered around
Doctors
Health Professionals
Biomedical Approach Examples:
Surgery
Medication
X-rays
features of the biomedical approach
the quick fix
relies on technology
advantages of the biomedical approach
creates advances in technology and research
extends life expectancy
disadvantages of the biomedical approach
Relies on health professionals and technology so is costly
Not every condition can be treated/cured
THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH
“NEW PUBLIC HEALTH”
The SOCIAL model takes in to account the role that SES status, access to healthcare play in improving health status.
Social Approach Focuses on:
Community development (not individual)
Prevention
The social Approach is centered around and key aspects
Sociocultural factors that influence health
Education
Health promotion activities
principles of the social biomedical approach
- Acts to reduce social inequities
- Acts to enable access to healthcare
- Empowers individuals and communities
principle 1: address the broader determinants of health
Whenever a program has a focus on factors other than just behavior, it is addressing the broader determinants of health.
Eg: The Breastscreen initiative focuses heavily on women (gender
Principle 2: Involves intersectoral collaboration
when there are multiple groups of organizations working together to help a program succeed
e.g as part of the quit program they have partnered up with different initiatives
Principle 3: Acts to reduce social inequities
Can be addressed whenever a program looks at key sociocultural factors that have significant inequality in health outcomes.
e.g The P.A.R.T.Y program aims to educate more young males than females
Principle 4: Acts to enable access to healthcare
If the program does anything to increase access for people, it will enable access to healthcare.
e.g Multiple programs provide online and over-the-phone support, to reduce any barriers to accessing services face to face
Principle 5: Empowers individuals and communities
If it educates in any way, or allows for community participation in the form of decision-making, then it empowers individuals and communities.
e.g
advantages for the social approach
Relatively inexpensive
Focuses on vulnerable population groups
OTTAWA CHARTER
Provides a framework for the social model to run
3 strategies
5 action areas
9 prerquisites
3 strategies
advocate enable and mediate
what does advocate mean
Refers to actions that seek to gain support from governments and societies to make the changes necessary to improve factors that influence health.
e.g Media campaigns
what does enable mean
Focusing on equity and reducing the difference in health status between pop groups
e.g Access to education
what does mediate mean
Helping all involved groups avoid conflict to produce outcomes that enhance H and WB
e.g Reducing speed limits.
5 action areas of the Ottawa charter
build healthy public policy
create supportive enviroments
reorient health services
develop personal skills
strengthen community action
Action Area 1: Build healthy public policy
Relates to decisions made by governments OR organizations relating to LAWS and POLICIES that affect HWB.
e.g The introduction of the compulsory wearing of seatbelts
Action Area 2: Create supportive environments
Creating a supportive environment helps people practice healthy behaviors. Looks at the broader determinants to promote healthy physical and sociocultural environments
e.g providing shaded areas in children’s playground
Action Area 3: Strengthen Community Action
Focuses on building links between individuals and the community through various stakeholders working together to achieve a common goal
Action Area 4: Develop personal skills
Focuses on increasing health-related knowledge and life skills like education
e.g.the move it mob-style educated individuals by education them through choreographed dances that are available on tv and online
Action Area 5: Reorient health services
aims of much more emphasis on prevention and health promotion
Australia’s health system includes:
1) Medicare
2)The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme
3) The National Disability Insurance Scheme
4) Private Health Insurance
Medicare
Medicare is Australia’s Universal health insurance Scheme. funded by the Federal Government. It gives all Australians, permanent residents, and those from countries with a reciprocal agreement ACCESS TO SUBSIDISED HEALTH CARE
how does Medicare provide access
There is a document (Medicare Benefits Schedule) outlining all the services that Medicare covers/partially covers the cost for.
medicare covers
GP visits
x-rays
medicare safety net
This means that people who spend a lot on Medicare services in a calendar year, receive a further reduction in costs for those services, for the remainder of the year
advantages of medicare
choice of doctor for out-of-hospital services
available to all Australian citizens
disadvantages of medicare
waiting lists for many treatments
does not cover any alternative therapies
How is Medicare funded?
While it is the Federal Governments responsibility, it is funded in 3 ways:
Medicare Levy (2% of taxable income for all workers making over approx 20k/yr)
Medicare Levy Surcharge (1.5% of your income- for high-income earners)
General taxation.
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)
The PBS is a scheme that benefits Australian’s by subsidizing medicines to make them more affordable.
The Federal Government is responsible for the PBS
NDIS – National Disability Insurance Scheme
The NDIS is a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities, and their families and carers
Eligibility requirements for ndis
age- under 65 for applying
Disability- Condition/impairment is permanent/lifelong
Reduced ability to participate in activites without assistance or assistive technolgy
Private Health Insurance
Private health insurance is a type of insurance under which members pay apremium(or fee) in return for payment towards health-related costs not covered by Medicare
general info about PHI
No matter the hospital, Medicare will still pay 75% of the doctor’s scheduled fee
You can have your own room if available, and shorter waiting periods
PHI is an important part of the healthcare system
Private hospitals hold 30% of all hospital beds
Private hospitals are largely funded by PHI companies which are funded by us
what does private health insurance cover
general treatment cover (physio, dental)
advantages for private health insurance
shorter waiting times for treatments
choice of a doctor while in public or private hospital
PHI Rebate
tested partial ‘refund’ or ‘contribution’ to the total PHI premium, funded by the Federal government. .
Lifetime Health Cover age 31
People who take up private insurance after the age of 31 pay an extra 2 per cent on their premiums for every year they are over the age of 30. This is called a ‘loading
Medicare Levy Surcharge
People earning more than$90 000a year ($180 000for families) pay an extra tax as a Medicare levy surcharge if they do not purchase private health insurance
funding
We look at the funding OF the healthcare system for each of its components (Public Hospitals, PHI, Medicare, NDIS, PBS) and the benefits of this.
sustainability
The sustainability of the Australian health system is about the capacity to provide a workforce and infrastructure into the future
access
An accessible health system is one that can provide all people with timely access to quality health services based on their needs, not their ability to pay
equity
the health system must take these differences into account if it is to be equitable and fair for all people
medicare funding
Medicare funds part or all of the fees associated with health services, including doctor and specialist
PBS funding
Essential medicines are subsidised through the PBS, providing treatment for many conditions, promoting health outcomes.
NDIS funding
The NDIS can provide funding for a range of resources that promote health status
Private health insurance funding
Private health insurance provides much of the funding for private hospitals, which are responsible for around 40 per cent of hospital treatments.
medicare sustainability
Determining which services will be subsidised through Medicare can preserve funds for the most necessary services
PBS sustainability
Continually reviewing the medicines available through PBS means those that will have the greatest benefits are prioritized
NDIS sustainability
Each participant in the NDIS receives an individualised plan, which means that only necessary funds are spent on each person
PHI sustainability
Incentives such as the private health insurance rebate, assist in maximising the funding gained through the private system.
medicare access
Medicare provides access to people of all socioeconomic backgrounds to services such as doctors’ consultations and treatment in public hospitals.
PBS access
All Australian citizens and permanent residents are entitled to access subsidised medicines through the PBS.
NDIS access
The NDIS improves access to health services for people with significant, life-long disabilities
PHI acess
The fedneral government’s private health insurance rebate increases access to private health insurance for those on lower incomes
medicare equity
Medicare Safety Net — people who require frequent services covered by Medicare, such as doctor’s visits and tests, receive additional financial support
PBS equity
PBS Safety Net — further protects individuals and families from large overall expenses for PBS-listed medicines
NDIS equity
The individualized plan developed as a part of the NDIS ensures that those with more significant needs receive more assistance
PHI equity
Those on lower incomes receive more financial assistance through the private health insurance rebate.
smoking improving population health
There were anti-smoking campaigns put out to reduce the rates of smoking which promotes a supportive environment for the population and decreasing rates of morbidity
ROAD SAFETY
Road safety relates to interventions put in place to reduce the risk of crashes, death, and injury caused to individuals as a result of using roads.
why is road safety targeted
1) All road crashes are deemed to be preventable
2) Various population groups are affected disproportionately
3) The social and economic impacts are large
The role of health promotion in improving population health in road safety
Deaths and injuries from road trauma cause significant emotional impacts on family, friends and other community members, especially as injuries are unforeseeable and cause a significant degree of shock.
effectiveness of health promotion in improving population health road safety
the impact of health promotion interventions has been significant. As a result of these interventions, road trauma levels have declined substantially over the last four decades
road safety Ottawa Charter build healthy public policy
Road laws such as seatbelts, speed limits and drink-driving laws
smoking Ottawa charter
creating supportive enviroments
Create supportive environments: My QuitBuddy allows users to record personal goals and motivation using pictures, words, and audio messages. support from thousands of people
road safety Create supportive environments
Random breath testing reduces the number of drivers on the road affected by alcohol or drugs, making it safer for all road users.
e.g
TAC campaign
TAC the Transport Accident Commission (TAC) has played a large role in promoting road safety by focusing on a range of road safety issues to change public behavior.
providing resources to target speeding and drink-driving
creating high-profile, hard-hitting mass media campaigns
initiative to improve indigenous hwb feeding the mob
Ottawa charter
Feedin’ the Mob strengthens community action by encouraging the community to be involved in activities that draw on local culture to develop personal skills by teaching the benefits of healthy eating and lifestyle
initiative to improve indigenous hwb feeding the mob
Feedin’ the Mob’ is a nutrition, physical activity and healthy lifestyle program for Aboriginal Australians in the City of Whittlesea, Victoria. Feedin’ the Mob is funded by the federal government and supported by Whittlesea Council through its Healthy Communities initiative
TAC campaign ottatwa charter developing personal skills
These campaigns work to develop personal skills relating to young drivers, fatigue, drug-driving, motorcycle safety, distractions, vehicle safety, speeding and drink-driving.
the Australian Dietary Guidelines
The Australian Dietary Guidelines were developed by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), a federal government body
the Australian Dietary Guidelines aimed at
The guidelines are intended to be used by health professionals, educators, industry bodies and other parties interested in promoting healthy eating. They are aimed at all people in the general healthy population, including those with common diet-related risk factors
the Australian dietary guidelines 1
To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs.
the Australian dietary guidelines 2
Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the following five groups every day and drink plenty of water.
the Australian dietary guidelines 3
Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.
the Australian dietary guidelines 4&5
Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding.
Care for your food; prepare and store it safely.
nutrition australia
Nutrition Australia acts to promote healthy eating by providing the latest information on nutrition research, and current food and health and wellbeing trends. This information is dispersed via media campaigns,
Personal preference- challenges for dietary change
Most people prefer certain foods to others. This may be the result of factors such as taste preferences and past experiences. Food high in fat and sugar are flavour enhancers
Willpower- challenges for dietry change
relating to slef control will power the ability to resist short-term temptations in order to meet long-term goals. Changing food intake often requires a commitment from the individual and some people don’t have the willpower to
the relationship between the social and biomedical approaches
they both want to improve their health status and behaviour change and improve their diagnosis and treatment plans
