Unit 4

Question 1

1. What two kinds of revolution at the beginning of the 1800s caused many people to feel optimistic about life at the beginning of the 1900s?

Answer 1

Industrial and democratic revolutions

Question 2

2. Why were tensions beginning to rise in industrialized nations in the early twentieth century?

Answer 2

Because of the competition between European nations

Question 3

Why did European nations form military alliances?

Answer 3

To dissuade other European nations from attacking them

Question 4

What European nations were in the Triple Alliance?

Answer 4

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Question 5

What European nations were in the Triple Entente?

Answer 5

Britain, France, Russia

Question 6

4. Why did people in colonies begin to demand freedom from imperial rule in the early 1900s?

Answer 6

They developed nationalist feelings of their own, and resented their foreign rulers

Question 7

5. In 1914, a ____________________ nationalist assassinated Archduke __________________________ (the heir to the ____________________ throne) while he was visiting ____________________, the capital of Bosnia.

Answer 7

5. In 1914, a BOSNIAN nationalist assassinated Archduke FRANZ FERDINAND (the heir to the HAPSBURG throne) while he was visiting SARAJEVO, the capital of Bosnia.

Question 8

Why did England think the war would be short?

Answer 8

They thought that their navy would defeat the German navy and choke their ports

Question 9

Why did France think the war would be short?

Answer 9

They thought their eastern barricades will be impenetrable

Question 10

Why did Germany think the war would be short?

Answer 10

They would quickly deliver a knockout punch to France, then return to Russia who took a while to form an army

Question 11

2. Germany’s strategy for a quick victory included a swift defeat of France. What happened in early September 1914 that resulted in the failure of this strategy?

Answer 11

French and British forces rallied, confronting the Germans at the Marne River. The Allied forces pushed the Germans back. Both sides began digging trenches.

Question 12

What is trench warfare?

Answer 12

Trench warfare was when both sides dug trenches along a front and shelled each other with artillery.

Question 13

What is no man’s land?

Answer 13

Soldiers would also “go over the top” to attempt to cross no man’s land and attack their enemy. Land mines, barbed wire, and machine guns made the chances of crossing no man’s land alive slim.

Question 14

What was a soldier’s life?

Answer 14

Mud, lice, rats, foul air, and hardly any fresh food made life in the trenches miserable.

Question 15

Define genocide.

Answer 15

The deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group

Question 16

The Ottomans _______________ the Armenians of cooperating with the _______________. In retaliation, the _______________ _______________ tens of thousands of Armenian men and boys. Ottoman troops plundered Armenian villages, raped thousands of women, and systematically deported women, children, and the elderly. The _______________ Armenians were taken to a desert region and left to walk to their deaths. More than a million _______________ perished. This came to be known as the Armenian Massacre.

Answer 16

The Ottomans ACCUSED the Armenians of cooperating with the RUSSIANS . In retaliation, the OTTOMANS EXECUTED tens of thousands of Armenian men and boys. Ottoman troops plundered Armenian villages, raped thousands of women, and systematically deported women, children, and the elderly. The DEPORTED Armenians were taken to a desert region and left to walk to their deaths. More than a million ARMENIANS perished. This came to be known as the Armenian Massacre.

Question 17

4. What group of people, who were seeking independence from the Ottoman Empire in the years prior to and during the Great War, did Thomas Edward Lawrence enlist as allies in the fight against the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 17

the Arabs of Egypt, Arabia, and Syria

Question 18

What was the effect of Britain winning the Battle of Jutland?

Answer 18

It allowed them to control European waters

Question 19

What was the effect of a German U-boat sinking the Lusitania?

Answer 19

It brought America into the war against the Central Powers

Question 20

What is total war?

Answer 20

A war in which the opposed nations used every resource they possessed to keep up the fight

Question 21

What is propaganda?

Answer 21

Biased information designed to rouse emotions

Question 22

What is a planned economy?

Answer 22

Economies that are largely planned and controlled by governments

Question 23

What is suffrage/

Answer 23

The right to vote

Question 24

2. Why did nations refuse to seek a truce during World War I?

Answer 24

Because they thought it would be unpatriotic and weak

Question 25

3. Two propaganda tools used during World War I were ____________________ and ____________________.

Answer 25

3. Two propaganda tools used during World War I were NEWSREELS and POSTERS.

Question 26

4. During the war, governments took control of their nations’ economies. They _________________________, _________________________, _________________________, and _________________________. In Germany, the government even required its civilians to work in specific ____________________.

Answer 26

4. During the war, governments took control of their nations’ economies. They SET PRICES, DETERMINED WAGES, RATIONED FOOD, and DECIDED WHICH INDUSTRIES WOULD GET WHAT RESOURCES. In Germany, the government even required its civilians to work in specific INDUSTRIES.

Question 27

5. What effect did the Great War have on the women’s suffrage movement?

Answer 27

It helped the women’s suffrage movement. Reformers argued that if women could take on the jobs they did during the war, they should be allowed to vote. During and shortly after the war, many Western governments began to grant women the right to vote.

Question 28

6. Name some of the types of work women began to perform to fill vacancies created when men went off to war.

Answer 28

ticket collectors, elevator operators, bank tellers, telephone operators, shopkeepers, workers in heavy industries and in munitions factories

Question 29

7. By 1917, which side seemed to be worse off—the Central Powers or the Allies? Explain your answer.

Answer 29

the Allies; German submarines were blockading Britain; mutinies broke out in the French army; Russia had suffered greatly and was on the brink of revolution

Question 30

Russia has Europe’s highest mountain, world’s deepest lake, but only the European plains can be cultivated for food

Question 31

Climate zones of Russia

Answer 31

North: tundra; then taiga, then steppe

Question 32

1. Place the following events in the order in which they occurred to trace Lenin’s rise to power after Tsar Nicholas II gave up power in 1917.

____ Most of the guns given to workers end up in the hands of the Bolsheviks.

____ The Bolshevik-controlled Petrograd Soviet takes control of Russia.

____ Lenin dissolves the Petrograd Soviet and begins to rule directly.

____ Germany helps Lenin return to Russia.

____ Bolshevik guards seize government buildings throughout Petrograd.

____ The Provisional Government arms thousands of Petrograd workers.

____ Trotsky returns to Russia and takes charge of the Petrograd Soviet.

Answer 32

4 Most of the guns given to workers end up in the hands of the Bolsheviks.

6 The Bolshevik-controlled Petrograd Soviet takes control of Russia.

7 Lenin dissolves the Petrograd Soviet and begins to rule directly.

1 Germany helps Lenin return to Russia.

5 Bolshevik guards seize government buildings throughout Petrograd.

3 The Provisional Government arms thousands of Petrograd workers.

2 Trotsky returns to Russia and takes charge of the Petrograd Soviet.

Question 33

2. Why did Germany help Lenin return to Russia?

Answer 33

They liked the idea of revolutionary chaos in the country they were conquering

Question 34

Lenin sends _____ to Germany to stall until Germany has a _____. Talks end. German army near _____. Lenin moves capital to _____. Russia signs _____ with Germany. Russia out of Great War. Treaty hurts Russia. Allows Lenin to launch _____ program. All _____ now belong to state. Bolsheviks call themselves _____ Party. Peasants forced to give all they grow to _____.

Answer 34

Lenin sends TROTSKY to Germany to stall until Germany has a REVOLUTION. Talks end. German army near PETROGRAD. Lenin moves capital to MOSCOW. Russia signs TREATY with Germany. Russia out of Great War. Treaty hurts Russia. Allows Lenin to launch COMMUNIST program. All LANDS, BANKS, MINES, AND FACTORIES now belong to state. Bolsheviks call themselves COMMUNIST Party. Peasants forced to give all they grow to GOVERNMENT.

Question 35

Lenin uses _____ to deal with opponents. Tsar Nicholas II and family are _____. Former _____ under tsar gather armies. These forces are called _____. Bolsheviks called _____. Communists raise large army. _____ war results; millions die. _____ helps Whites, but Reds have larger, more organized army. Reds defeat the _____. By late _____, Bolsheviks are in charge. Russia lies in ruins.

Answer 35

Lenin uses CEHKA to deal with opponents. Tsar Nicholas II and family are KILLED. Former GENERALS under tsar gather armies. These forces are called WHITES. Bolsheviks called REDS. Communists raise large army. CIVIL war results; millions die. BRITAIN helps Whites, but Reds have larger, more organized army. Reds defeat the WHITES. By late 1920, Bolsheviks are in charge. Russia lies in ruins.

Question 36

What was the structure of Russia after Lenin?
Dictator:
Inner Circle (included Stalin and Trotsky):
Central Decision-Making Body (located in Moscow):
Independent Republics Based on National Groups:
Country Created by Lenin’s Communist Part:

Answer 36

Dictator: Vladimir Lenin
Inner Circle (included Stalin and Trotsky): Politburo
Central Decision-Making Body (located in Moscow): Central Committee
Independent Republics Based on National Groups: Socialist Republics
Country Created by Lenin’s Communist Part: USSR

Question 37

5. What did Lenin and the Communist Party do to remove religion from the lives of Russians?

Answer 37

Lenin ordered the government to seize church property. The Communist Party launched a campaign to turn people against religion. The government imprisoned priests and sentenced many to death. It also outlawed religious instruction for children. The government adopted atheism as an official policy.

Question 38

6. Why did the Communist Party adopt atheism as an official policy of the state?

Answer 38

The Communist Party distrusted the Russian Orthodox Church. Lenin might have believed that his opponents and enemies could use the church to oppose his rule. Lenin also demanded loyalty to the state and believed that religion would compete for this loyalty. By adopting atheism as an official policy of the state, Lenin was trying to ensure that the church could not threaten his dictatorship and that religion would not compete with communism over the loyalty of the population.

Question 39

1. List two examples of Russia’s industrial achievements and two examples of the country’s cultural achievements in the late nineteenth century.

Answer 39

Industrial achievements include railroads and telegraph lines connected Russian cities; construction of the Trans-Siberian railroad began; Russia had become one of the world’s leading producers of oil, iron, and steel. Cultural achievements include: universities were attracting more students; Leo Tolstoy and Peter Tchaikovsky were famous throughout Europe and the United States.

Question 40

2. By 1900, _____ made up 80 percent of Russia’s population. They did the farm work, enjoyed few rights, and were very poor. At the top of Russian society were the _____. They held most of the land in Russia and were very rich.

Answer 40

2. By 1900, peasants made up 80 percent of Russia’s population. They did the farm work, enjoyed few rights, and were very poor. At the top of Russian society were the nobles (or nobility). They held most of the land in Russia and were very rich.

Question 41

What are Marxists?

Answer 41

Wanted communism

Question 42

What are anarchists?

Answer 42

Wanted no government at all

Question 43

What are liberals?

Answer 43

Wanted a constitutional democracy

Question 44

What are socialists?

Answer 44

Wanted a powerful state running the economy

Question 45

Who was Leon Trotsky?

Answer 45

Brilliant writer and speaker who became the number two man in the Bolshevik Party

Question 46

Who was Joseph Stalin?

Answer 46

Young, loyal follower of Lenin who was tough and ruthless

Question 46

Who was Tsar Nicholas II?

Answer 46

Romanov tsar who held the Russian throne but abdicated in 1917

Question 47

Who was Vladimir Lenin?

Answer 47

Marxist who worked for a communist revolution in Russia

Question 48

Who was Karl Marx?

Answer 48

German philosopher who predicted a revolt of workers against factory owners

Question 49

5. On a _____ in January 1905, thousands of workers marched to the tsar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. They carried a _____ asking for _____ improvements and _____ change. This was prompted, in part, by the war that Russia was losing to _____.

Answer 49

On a Sunday in January 1905, thousands of workers marched to the tsar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. They carried a petition asking for economic improvements and democratic change. This was prompted, in part, by the war that Russia was losing to Japan.

Question 50

6. Russian workers, peasants, soldiers, and students responded to Bloody Sunday. Tsar Nicholas II responded as well. How did each respond?

Answer 50

Workers, peasants, soldiers, and students began setting up councils known as soviets to lead their struggle for change. Tsar Nicholas II created an elected parliament called the Duma, but refused to cooperate with it.

Question 50

8. Why was there unrest in the Russian civilian population during World War I?

Answer 50

There was unrest because many people had no jobs and went hungry.

Question 50

7. Why was there unrest in the Russian military during World War I?

Answer 50

There was unrest because Russian armies suffered greatly from food shortages, poor equipment, and incompetent generals. By 1915, about five million men had been killed, wounded, taken prisoner, or gone missing.

Question 51

9. In early 1917, unrest in the Russian military and civilian population led to two things. Name them.

Answer 51

One result was more demonstrations by the workers’ councils—the soviets—including a demonstration in Petrograd by crowds of women demanding peace (and an end to World War I) and bread (more food for those who were going hungry). Another result was that Tsar Nicholas II, after seeing that his troops would not fire on the demonstrators, gave up power.

Question 51

1. In the first two years of the war, despite pressure from Great Britain and France to join the Allies, most Americans wanted to stay out of the Great War. Why?

Answer 51

They believed it was a European war and did not want to get involved in Europe’s affairs.

Question 52

2. The following are three reasons why the United States eventually declared war on Germany in April 1917.
   * German atrocities, such as _____
   * The sinking of the _____ by German _____
   * Germany resumed _____ and started to sink _____

Answer 52

• German atrocities, such as THE BURNING OF THE BELGIAN TOWN OF LOUVAIN
• The sinking of the LUSITANIA by German U-BOATS
• Germany resumed UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE and started to sink AMERICAN CARGO SHIPS

Question 52

3. The U.S. president during the Great War was _____. In his speech to Congress asking for a declaration of war against Germany, he said that _____

Answer 52

The U.S. president during the Great War was WOODROW WILSON. In his speech to Congress asking for a declaration of war against Germany, he said that “THE WORLD MUST BE MADE SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY.”

Question 53

5. Why were German military leaders confident of a victory on the Western Front at the end of 1917?

Answer 53

With Russia out of the war, German military leaders were able to shift troops from the east to the Western Front. They combined these additional troops with artillery and poison gas for one final offensive in France.

Question 53

6. There were many reasons why the Allied Powers were able to force Germany to sign an armistice on November 11, 1918. They included
   * The British military figured out how to _____.
   * British factories _____.
   * The United States _____.
   * Italy _____.
   * In Palestine and Syria, _____.
   * The British blockaded German ports, causing a shortage of food in Germany and Austria. This led to _____.
   * In Germany, workers _____.

Answer 53

• The British military figured out how to COORDINATE THEIR INFANTRY, ARTILLERY, TANKS, AND AIR SUPPORT TO REPEL THE GERMANS.
• British factories BEGAN TO TURN OUT THOUSANDS OF TRUCKS AND LIGHTWEIGHT TANKS.
• The United States ENTERED THE WAR AND SENT 2 MILLION SOLDIERS TO EUROPE.
• Italy DEFEATED AN AUSTRIAN ARMY WEAKENED BY MASS DESERTIONS.
• In Palestine and Syria, BRITISH FORCES DEFEATED THE OTTOMANS.
• The British blockaded German ports, causing a shortage of food in Germany and Austria. This led to UPRISINGS IN WHICH PEOPLE RIOTED TO DEMAND FOOD AND TO PROTEST AGAINST THE ONGOING FIGHTING.
• In Germany, workers FORMED WORKERS’ COUNCILS AND WENT ON STRIKE, DEMANDING PEACE.

Question 53

7. How did President Wilson believe future wars could be prevented in Europe?

Answer 53

Millions of American soldiers join Allied ranks. British military coordinates their forces to repel Germans. British factories produce more trucks and tanks. Italy defeats Austrian army. Demonstrations, uprisings, and strikes in Austria and Germany. Allies force Germany to accept truce. Allied and Central Powers sign armistice. Representatives meet outside of Rethondes in train car. Fighting has stopped at the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month, 1918. British and French soldiers rejoice.

Question 53

2. Today, the British celebrate November 11 as ____________________ Day. In the United States, November 11 is called ____________________ Day.

Answer 53

Today, the British celebrate November 11 as REMEMBRANCE Day. In the United States, November 11 is called VETERANS Day.

Question 53

3. What was the effect of the Great War on the infrastructure of France and Belgium?

Answer 53

The infrastructure in France and Belgium was devastated. Farms, villages, and towns were wrecked. Artillery fire destroyed bridges, railroad tracks, roads, factories, and homes. Many villages were completely wiped out. Whole stretches of land were reduced to barren wastelands

Question 53

4. By 1918, the fighting cost Britain and Germany about ____________________ an hour.

Answer 53

By 1918, the fighting cost Britain and Germany about $10m an hour.

Question 53

6. Major provisions of the Treaty of Versailles included
   * A _____ clause that blamed Germany for the _____.
   * The loss of all of Germany’s overseas _____.
   * A demand that Germany pay large war _____.
   * The creation of several new nations, such as _____, _____,
   * _____, and _____, and the restoration of _____from former German, Russian, and Austro-Hungarian territory.
   * The creation of the _____, the organization President Wilson wanted for solving all international problems and disputes.

Answer 53

• A WAR GUILT clause that blamed Germany for the WAR.
• The loss of all of Germany’s overseas COLONIES.
• A demand that Germany pay large war REPARATIONS.
• The creation of several new nations, such as AUSTRIA, HUNGARY,
• , and CZECHOSLOVAKIA, and YUGOSLAVIA, and the restoration of POLAND former German, Russian, and Austro-Hungarian territory.
• The creation of the LEAGUE OF NATIONS, the organization President Wilson wanted for solving all international problems and disputes.

Question 53

7. How did most Germans react to the provisions included in the Treaty of Versailles?

Answer 53

Most Germans believed the treaty was unjust. Many were very angry and wanted revenge.

Question 54

8. The U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles partly because of _____ _____ and partly because of the desire of most Americans to return to a policy of _____. The result of this is that the United States did not join the _____.

Answer 54

The U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles partly because of PARTY POLITICS and partly because of the desire of most Americans to return to a policy of ISOLATIONISM. The result of this is that the United States did not join the LEAGUE OF NATIONS.