Unit 2

Question 1

What triggered the Second Industrial Revolution?

Answer 1

The cheap production of steel

Question 2

Comparison of First and Second Industrial Revolutions
Approximate date the revolution began

Answer 2

FIRST: Late 1700s
SECOND: 1875

Question 3

Comparison of First and Second Industrial Revolutions
Place and date of exhibition which showcased progress

Answer 3

FIRST: Crystal Palace Exhibition, London, 1851
SECOND: Paris Exposition, Paris, 1900

Question 4

Comparison of First and Second Industrial Revolutions
Primary construction material

Answer 4

FIRST: Iron
SECOND: Steel

Question 5

Comparison of First and Second Industrial Revolutions
Primary source of energy

Answer 5

FIRST: Steam
SECOND: Electricity and petroleum

Question 6

Comparison of First and Second Industrial Revolutions
Innovations affecting
- work
- communication
- transportation

Answer 6

FIRST:
- WORK: Steam-driven machines led to creation of many factories
- COMMUNICATION: telegraph
- TRANSPORTATION: Trains and steamships, better roads
SECOND:
- WORK: Cheap steel allowed construction of large structures such as skyscrapers and bridges. More precise, powerful machines for mass-producing goods led to the growth of more factories.
- COMMUNICATION: Electricity led to improved communication, through telephones and improved telegraph.
- TRANSPORTATION: Improved transportation such as electric street cars, cars, and larger ships allowed people to move more freely.

Question 7

3. What is capitalism?

Answer 7

Capitalism is an economic system in which individuals own property and make most of the decisions about how to use it

Question 8

Comparison of First and Second Industrial Revolutions
Major effects on society

Answer 8

FIRST: Major effects on society People moved from the farms to the cities to find jobs. Many ended up working in dark, overcrowded factories. People had access to more mass-produced goods.

SECOND: A growing number of people were living in filthy, overcrowded tenements. Many more people were working long hours for low wages in dark, dangerous factories. Middle-class homes had electricity and some had telephones and phonographs. Some had wages and increasing leisure time to enjoy movies and travel.

Question 9

4. In Britain, what reforms were instituted in the mid-nineteenth century to improve the conditions created by industrialization?

Answer 9

Parliament passed laws that limited the number of hours women and children could work, police began patrolling the streets, and sewers were built to carry away the waste. Parliament also passed laws that created workhouses.

Question 10

5. What is socialism?

Answer 10

Socialism is an economic and political system in which the government controls property and the distribution of income.

Question 11

6. Who was Robert Owen? What reforms did he introduce?

Answer 11

Robert Owen was a Welsh businessman who was appalled by the working and living conditions he saw. He bought the New Lanark textile mills and prohibited children under the age of 10 from working there. He also established better housing for the workers and created schools for the children. His mill was very successful. Then he tried to set up an experimental community, a utopia, in Indiana. It failed.

Question 12

What does communism mean?

Answer 12

a kind of socialism based on the writings of Karl Marx in which the state owns all resources and distributes goods

Question 13

What does bourgeoisie mean?

Answer 13

in communism, the class that owns and runs businesses

Question 14

What does proletariat mean?

Answer 14

in communism, the working class

Question 15

Marx believed that ________ would bring economic and social collapse in Europe and America. He predicted that the struggle between the ________ (or the working class) and the ________ (or factory owners, bankers, merchants, and the ruling class) would result in ________. Afterwards, ________ would replace capitalism and class distinctions would disappear. In Marx’s vision, the ________ would own all resources, and the government would distribute the goods to everyone equally.

Answer 15

Marx believed that CAPITALISM would bring economic and social collapse in Europe and America. He predicted that the struggle between the PROLETARIATS (or the working class) and the BOURGEOISIE (or factory owners, bankers, merchants, and the ruling class) would result in REVOLUTION. Afterwards, COMMUNISM would replace capitalism and class distinctions would disappear. In Marx’s vision, the STATEwould own all resources, and the government would distribute the goods to everyone equally.

Question 16

Why did Parisians decide to make their city a self-governing commune?

Answer 16

in order to improve conditions for the workers

Question 17

Why did the French government send troops into Paris to crush the Paris Commune?

Answer 17

The French government was worried about the rise of socialism.

Question 18

How did Karl Marx react to the failure of the Paris Commune?

Answer 18

The French government was worried about the rise of socialism.

Question 19

What were the goals of Trade Unions in the late 1800s?

Answer 19

Higher wages, better working conditions, shorter workday

Question 20

What were the methods for achieving the goals of trade unions in the late 1800s?

Answer 20

Collective bargaining; going on strike

Question 21

What did the German and British governments do in order to try and lure workers away from radical political parties?

Answer 21

These governments began to take steps to set up a welfare state in their countries. They began to assume responsibility for their citizens’ financial needs, such as providing accident insurance, insurance for the elderly, old age pensions, benefits to the unemployed, and funds to help the sick and infirm.

Question 22

7. Why do you think the ruling elite in Europe were so concerned about the rise of socialism?

Answer 22

there were many benefits to being part of the ruling elite and that socialism threatened their power (and, subsequently, those benefits resulting from that power).

Question 23

What is anti-Semitism?

Answer 23

Hatred of Jews

Question 24

What is nationalism?

Answer 24

The belief that your country is better than all others, all of the time, never does any wrong

Question 25

What is Germany like in the early 1800s?

Answer 25

Germany was mostly a land of farmers, with little industry or manufacturing. It was divided into a number of small states ruled by various kings, princes, and dukes who often quarreled and even warred with each other.

Question 26

What is Germany like in the early 1900s?

Answer 26

Germany was an empire, ruled by a kaiser. It was an industrial powerhouse, with a lot of industry and manufacturing. Most people lived in cities.

Question 27

What did Otto von Bismarck do?

Answer 27

He created a unified Germany with Prussia and smaller German states; when Kaiser Wilhelm I became kaiser, he became chancellor. He also industrialized Germany and made specialized schools that trained German students to do scientific research; but when Kaiser Wilhelm II became kaiser, he forced Bismarck to resign

Question 28

What did Werner von Siemens do?

Answer 28

He discovered gutta-percha, a rubber like insulation for telegraph wires that animals wouldn’t eat; made the transatlantic cable using gutta-percha; made steam-powered dynamos that produced electricity cheaper than ever; brought light bulbs to Germany; build the first electric locomotives and streetcars; he shared profits with workers, set up a pension fund for them, and required them to work only 8.5 hours a day.

Question 29

What did Albert Ballin do?

Answer 29

Made a shipping company where passengers were carried one way and cargo on the return trip; made luxury ships a things; and traded with China

Question 30

How did France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War have an effect on Germany’s rise as an industrial powerhouse in Europe?

Answer 30

Germany, being the victor in this war, was able to force the French to pay huge monetary penalties. The German government used this money to finance industrial development. Germany also took over the French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. These regions were rich in the iron ore needed to make steel.

Question 31

How did German people react to the following problems?
- Working-class people lived in overcrowded tenements
- They worked long hours
- They feared that sickness or injury would cause them to lose their jobs

Answer 31

Organized into unions, joined radical political parties

Question 32

How did the German government react to the following problems?
- Working-class people lived in overcrowded tenements
- They worked long hours
- They feared that sickness or injury would cause them to lose their jobs

Answer 32

Provided workers with health insurance and pensions

Question 33

2. List two ways in which industrial and technological advances improved the lives of Berliners.

Answer 33

• people enjoyed streets made safe with electric lights
• commuters could take the underground railroad to work

Question 34

3. Bismarck believed that issues of the day were best handled “through iron and blood.” What did he mean by this, and list at least three things he did to ensure that Germany had a strong military to protect itself from other European powers.

Answer 34

He meant that a strong military was the best way to deal with many issues involving other nations. To make sure Germany was strong militarily he did the following:
* Reorganized the Prussian army so that troops would be led by highly trained professional officers
* Made army service mandatory for three years for Prussian men
* Armed Prussian troops with a new gun
* Had Prussian generals learn how to use railroads to move troops rapidly

Question 35

4. What did Kaiser Wilhelm II’s belief that Germany needed a large navy in order to become a true world power result in?

Answer 35

He believed Germany needed a large navy. This resulted in a race between Germany and Britain to build dreadnoughts.

Question 36

What is patriotism?

Answer 36

Love of country

Question 37

What is nationalism?

Answer 37

Strong sense of attachment or belonging to one’s own country

Question 38

What is miltarism?

Answer 38

Glorification of military might

Question 39

6. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, nationalism often went hand in hand with ____________________.

Answer 39

Militarism

Question 40

4. What honor did the Lusitania win on its second transatlantic voyage?

Answer 40

The Lusitania recaptured the Blue Riband by breaking the world’s record for the fastest transatlantic crossing.

Question 41

1. What motivated the Cunard Line to build the Lusitania?

Answer 41

Britain and the Cunard Line were humiliated because the Germans had captured the trophy for the fastest transatlantic crossing, an American entrepreneur had bought the White Star Line, and one of the Cunard Line’s ships had stalled in the middle of the ocean.

Question 42

Who helped finance the construction of the luxury liner?

Answer 42

The British government helped finance the construction of the biggest, grandest, and fastest liner.

Question 43

3. Briefly describe the Lusitania.

Answer 43

The Lusitania was like a floating palace with enormous, powerful engines. It had seven decks and each was filled with all the latest, most luxurious conveniences. The liner was beautifully decorated with fine wood, skillfully wrought brass and iron, silk draperies, hand-carved furniture, marble fireplaces, chandeliers, thick carpets, and polished silverware.

Question 44

5. How did the Lusitania reflect the attitudes and values of the Second Industrial Revolution?

Answer 44

During the Second Industrial Revolution, individuals and nations took pride in progress and their ability to make bigger and better machines, buildings, etc. The Lusitania was a source of pride for Britain because it was faster and more luxurious than any other ship in any other country. People elsewhere were fascinated with the ship as well because of its size, luxury, and speed. The ship stood for progress and accomplishment.