Unit 4 Flashcards
Tissues
Tissues
group of cells with common embryonic origin performing similar function
4 main tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
Epithelial tissue
covering of external body
lines cavities and openings
(avascular)
Layers of cells (epithelial)
simple, stratified, and pseudostratified
Simple
single layer, minimal wear and tear, found in capillaries and alveoli
Stratified
several layers
high degree of wear and tear protection
Pseudostratified
one layer but looks like many layers
not all cells reach free surface
goblet cells
Squamous
flat, scale like
cuboidal
box or cube like
Columnar
column or rectangular like
Connective tissue
binding and supporting tissue
composed of collagen
vascular
Adipose tissue
stores fat
major energy reserve
protects and insulates
Cartilage tissue
Avascular
chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells)
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic
Hyaline cartilage
found at ends of long bones
Fibro cartilage
shock absorption
found in pubic symphysis and intervertebral disks
Elastic cartilage
structural cartilage
mains shapes of organs like ear and nose
Dense fibrous tissue
Connects muscles and bones
parallel fashion
components of
tendons
ligaments
Vascular tissue
Mostly fluid
blood cells
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Osseous (one tissue)
specialized cells:
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts
mineral salts:
calcium carbonate
2 bone tissues:
compact bone
spongy bone
spongy bone
densely packed
trabeculae
hematopoiesis(creation of blood)
Muscle tissue
muscle cells
chemical energy to mechanical energy
3 types:
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
Skeletal muscle
attached to bones
striated(striped)
voluntary
Cardiac muscle
bulk of heart wall
striated
involuntary
intercalated discs
Smooth muscle
hollow structures and organs:
intestines
stomach
bladder
non-striated
Nervous tissue
conducts electrical signals
neuron
transmits impulses to:
other neurons
glands
muscle fibers
Nerve cells(neuron)
neuroglia (other cells)
Cell body - nucleus
axons - away from cell body
dendrites - toward cell body
Exocrine glands
Secrete products into ducts
EX: goblet cell secrete mucus
Endocrine glands
secretes substances into bloodstream
ductless glands
thyroid glands
adrenal glands
pituitary glands
4 membranes
Mucous
serous
synovial
cutaneous
mucous membrane
Lines structures with opening to external environment
prevents cavities from drying out
Serous membranes
Surrounds and protects organs
Lines body cavities that don’t open external environment
2 layers:
visceral organ layer - covers organs
parietal layer - attached to cavity wall
Synovial membrane
surrounds joints
no epithelial tissue
Cutaneous membrane
skin
sudoriferous glands - sweat
sebaceous glands - oil
ceruminous glands - ear wax
4 main parts of skin
Skin
Glands
Hair
Nails
Skin
Vitamin D
main function of maintaining body temp
heat: vasodilation, perspiration
Cold: vasoconstriction, shivering
Glands
sebaceous - oil
sudoriferous glands - sweat
Apocrine sweat glands
Eccrine sweat glands
Apocrine glands
located in skin of axilla, pubic region, pigments areas
thickened sweat
growth of bacteria
Eccrine glands
distributed throughout the body
watery sweat in response to body temp
Hair (structures and functions)
Growths from epidermis
protects
helps regulate body temp
touch receptors with hair follicles
Hair (anatomy)
Shaft- above surface of skin
Root - below skin
Bulb - onion shaped
Papilla - blood vessels, verves enter/exit
Matrix - area of cell division and hair growth
Nails (structure and function)
tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells
clear solid covering over dorsal
provides protection to ends of digits
grasps small objects
Nails (anatomy)
nail body - visilble
free edge - extends beyond digit
root- hidden in proximal nail groove
lunula - end of nail body
eponychium- cuticle
nail matrix - epithelium at end of nail
Epidermis
outer layer of skin
avascular
stratified squamous epithelium
Cells of epidermis (2)
keratinocytes
-produces keratin
-waterproof skin
-protective barrier
Melanocytes
-produces melanin
-protection from sunlight
Layers of skin
Epidermis
-Basale
-spinosum
-granulosum
-lucidum
-corneum
Dermis
-papillary
-reticular
dermis
skin under epidermis
contains blood vessels
hair follicles, and nerve endings
Arrector pili muscle
bundle of smooth muscles
hair stand up when contracted
-cold
-scared
-emotions
Receptors in skin
distal ends of neurons
receive info about environment
Subcutaneous layer
not part of true skin
called hypodermis
contains nerve endings
Sudoriferous glands
glands secrete sweat
regulates body temp
sebaceous glands
oily substance called sebum
mixture of fats
cholesterol
protein
inorganic salts
skin cancer
cancerous growths skin tissue
exposure to sun
3 types of skin cancer:
basal
squamous
malignant -most dangerous
decubitus ulcers
bed sores pressure sores
prolonged ressure in blood boney projection
Eczema
skin condition
itchy
inflame patches of skin
Lesion
any abnormality in tissue
burns
1st degree - redness, damage to epidermis
2nd degree - blisters, damage epidermis and in dermis
3rd degree - black and cherry red, destroys epidermis and dermis
