Unit 4

Question 1

any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in
which one individual varies from another

Answer 1

trait

Question 2

The trait term an observer applies, as well as the
strength or magnitude of the trait presumed to be
present, is based on observing a

Answer 2

sample of behavior

Question 3

also distinguish one person from another but
are relatively less enduring

Answer 3

states

Question 4

a psychological trait exists only as a -

Answer 4

construct

Question 5

We can infer the existence of psychological traits from -

Answer 5

overt behavior

Question 6

Whether a trait manifests itself in observable behavior,
and to what degree it manifests, is presumed to
depend not only on the strength of the trait in the
individual but also on the

Answer 6

nature of the situation

Question 7

The test score is presumed to represent the strength
of the targeted ability or trait or state and is frequently
based on

Answer 7

cumulative scoring

Question 8

Refers to a long-standing assumption that factors
other than what a test attempts to measure will
influence performance on the test

Answer 8

error

Question 9

The component of a test score attributable to
sources other than the trait or ability measured

Answer 9

error variance

Question 10

Potential sources of error variance:

Answer 10

(1) Assessees and assessors
(2) Measuring instruments
(3) Random, or just a matter of chance

Question 11

What error?

present in all test takers because they will all experience it

Answer 11

systematic error

Question 12

What error?

may be environmental, only a few test takers will experience it

Answer 12

random error

Question 13

What error?

instruments used have an error or inaccurate (e.g. weighing scale ^^)

Answer 13

instrumental error

Question 14

What error?

when different procedures are used to answer the same questions provides slightly different answers

Answer 14

procedural error

Question 15

characteristics of a psychological test

Answer 15

objectivity
standardization
reliability
validity
utility

Question 16

what characteristic of a test is this?

a degree to which equally competent scores obtain the same results

Answer 16

objectivity

Question 17

what characteristic of a test is this?

a test is made uniform or set to adhere to a specific standard
involve administering & scoring in the same way for everyone that takes the test

Answer 17

standardization

Question 18

what characteristic of a test is this?

how accurate the test is, and if it measures what it intends to measure

Answer 18

validiy

Question 19

what characteristic of a test is this?

usefulness of a particular test

Answer 19

utility

Question 20

what characteristic of a test is this?

how reliable the test is, especially if you administer it multiple times

Answer 20

reliability

Question 21

A method of evaluation and a way of deriving
meaning from test scores by evaluating an
individual testtaker’s score and comparing it to
scores of a group of testtakers

Answer 21

Norm-referenced testing and assessment

Question 22

Yield information on a testtaker’s standing or
ranking relative to some comparison group of
testtakers

Answer 22

Norm-referenced testing and assessment

Question 23

refer to behavior that is usual,
average, normal, standard, expected, or typical

Answer 23

norm

Question 24

Psychometric context: the test performance data
of a particular group of testtakers that are
designed for use as a reference when evaluating
or interpreting individual test scores

Answer 24

norms

Question 25

Group of people whose performance on a
particular test is analyzed for reference in
evaluating the performance of individual
testtakers

Answer 25

normative sample

Question 26

Refer to the process of deriving norms

May be modified to describe a particular type of norm derivation

Answer 26

norming

Question 27

controversial practice of
norming on the basis of race or ethnic
background

Answer 27

race norming

Question 28

Consist of descriptive statistics based on a group
of testtakers in a given period of time rather than
norms obtained by formal sampling methods

Answer 28

User norms / programming norms

Question 29

A portion of the universe of people deemed to be
representative of the whole population

Answer 29

Sample

Question 30

The process of selecting the portion of the
universe deemed to be representative of the
whole population

Answer 30

sampling

Question 31

different subgroups of the population

Answer 31

strata

Question 32

Arbitrarily select some sample because we
believe it to be representative of the population

Answer 32

Purposive sample / sampling

Question 33

An expression of the percentage of people whose
score on a test or measure falls below a particular
raw score

Answer 33

percentile

Question 34

Refers to the distribution of raw scores—more
specifically, to the number of items that were
answered correctly multiplied by 100 and divided
by the total number of items

Answer 34

Percentage correct

Question 35

age norms also known as

Answer 35

age-equivalent scores

Question 36

Indicate the average performance of different
samples of testtakers who were at various ages at the
time the test was administered

Answer 36

age norms

Question 37

Designed to indicate the average test performance of
testtakers in a given school grade

Answer 37

grade norms

Question 38

Derived from a normative sample that was nationally
representative of the population at the time the
norming study was conducted

Answer 38

national norms

Question 39

• An equivalency table for scores on the two tests
• Could provide the tool for comparison
• Provide some stability to test scores by anchoring
them to other test scores

Answer 39

National Anchor Norms

Question 40

Using the –, the equivalency of
scores on different tests is calculated with reference
to corresponding percentile scores

Answer 40

equipercentile method

Question 41

A normative sample can be segmented by any of the
criteria initially used in selecting subjects for the
sample

Answer 41

subgroup norms

Question 42

Provide normative information with respect to the
local population’s performance on some test

Answer 42

local norms

Question 43

An individual’s score is interpreted by comparing it with the scores obtained by others on the same test

Answer 43

Norm-referenced testing & assessment

Question 44

goal is to yield information on an examinee’s standing or ranking relative to some comparison group of examinees

Answer 44

Norm-referenced testing & assessment

Question 45

test performance data of a particular group of test takers that are designed for use as a reference when evaluating/interpreting individual test scores

Answer 45

norms

Question 46

The distribution of scores obtained on the test from a
– is used as the basis for the
calculation of test scores for future administrations of
the test

Answer 46

fixed reference group

Question 47

o Approach to evaluate the test score in relation to
other scores on the same test
o Area of focus: how an individual performed
relative to other people who took the test

Answer 47

Norm-referenced evaluation

Question 48

A standard on which a judgement or decision may
be based

Answer 48

criterion

Question 49

A method of evaluation and a way of deriving
meaning from test scores by evaluating an
individual’s score with reference to a set standard

Answer 49

Criterion-referenced testing and assessment

Question 50

Individual’s performance is evaluated in terms of the performance of the most nearly comparable standardization group

Answer 50

Within Group Norms

Question 51

indicates how far along the normal developmental path an individual has progressed

Answer 51

developmental norms

Question 52

Criterion-referenced testing and assessment also called

Answer 52

domain- or content-referenced

Question 53

domain sampling

Answer 53

refer to either

(1) a sample of behaviors from all possible behaviors that could conceivably be indicative of a particular construct or

(2) a sample of test items from all possible items that could conceivably be used to measure a particular construct.