Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in
which one individual varies from another

A

trait

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2
Q

The trait term an observer applies, as well as the
strength or magnitude of the trait presumed to be
present, is based on observing a

A

sample of behavior

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3
Q

also distinguish one person from another but
are relatively less enduring

A

states

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4
Q

a psychological trait exists only as a -

A

construct

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5
Q

We can infer the existence of psychological traits from -

A

overt behavior

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6
Q

Whether a trait manifests itself in observable behavior,
and to what degree it manifests, is presumed to
depend not only on the strength of the trait in the
individual but also on the

A

nature of the situation

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7
Q

The test score is presumed to represent the strength
of the targeted ability or trait or state and is frequently
based on

A

cumulative scoring

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8
Q

Refers to a long-standing assumption that factors
other than what a test attempts to measure will
influence performance on the test

A

error

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9
Q

The component of a test score attributable to
sources other than the trait or ability measured

A

error variance

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10
Q

Potential sources of error variance:

A

(1) Assessees and assessors
(2) Measuring instruments
(3) Random, or just a matter of chance

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11
Q

What error?

present in all test takers because they will all experience it

A

systematic error

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12
Q

What error?

may be environmental, only a few test takers will experience it

A

random error

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13
Q

What error?

instruments used have an error or inaccurate (e.g. weighing scale ^^)

A

instrumental error

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14
Q

What error?

when different procedures are used to answer the same questions provides slightly different answers

A

procedural error

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15
Q

characteristics of a psychological test

A

objectivity
standardization
reliability
validity
utility

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16
Q

what characteristic of a test is this?

a degree to which equally competent scores obtain the same results

A

objectivity

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17
Q

what characteristic of a test is this?

a test is made uniform or set to adhere to a specific standard
involve administering & scoring in the same way for everyone that takes the test

A

standardization

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18
Q

what characteristic of a test is this?

how accurate the test is, and if it measures what it intends to measure

A

validiy

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19
Q

what characteristic of a test is this?

usefulness of a particular test

A

utility

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20
Q

what characteristic of a test is this?

how reliable the test is, especially if you administer it multiple times

A

reliability

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21
Q

A method of evaluation and a way of deriving
meaning from test scores by evaluating an
individual testtaker’s score and comparing it to
scores of a group of testtakers

A

Norm-referenced testing and assessment

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22
Q

Yield information on a testtaker’s standing or
ranking relative to some comparison group of
testtakers

A

Norm-referenced testing and assessment

23
Q

refer to behavior that is usual,
average, normal, standard, expected, or typical

24
Q

Psychometric context: the test performance data
of a particular group of testtakers that are
designed for use as a reference when evaluating
or interpreting individual test scores

25
Group of people whose performance on a particular test is analyzed for reference in evaluating the performance of individual testtakers
normative sample
26
Refer to the process of deriving norms May be modified to describe a particular type of norm derivation
norming
27
controversial practice of norming on the basis of race or ethnic background
race norming
28
Consist of descriptive statistics based on a group of testtakers in a given period of time rather than norms obtained by formal sampling methods
User norms / programming norms
29
A portion of the universe of people deemed to be representative of the whole population
Sample
30
The process of selecting the portion of the universe deemed to be representative of the whole population
sampling
31
different subgroups of the population
strata
32
Arbitrarily select some sample because we believe it to be representative of the population
Purposive sample / sampling
33
An expression of the percentage of people whose score on a test or measure falls below a particular raw score
percentile
34
Refers to the distribution of raw scores—more specifically, to the number of items that were answered correctly multiplied by 100 and divided by the total number of items
Percentage correct
35
age norms also known as
age-equivalent scores
36
Indicate the average performance of different samples of testtakers who were at various ages at the time the test was administered
age norms
37
Designed to indicate the average test performance of testtakers in a given school grade
grade norms
38
Derived from a normative sample that was nationally representative of the population at the time the norming study was conducted
national norms
39
• An equivalency table for scores on the two tests • Could provide the tool for comparison • Provide some stability to test scores by anchoring them to other test scores
National Anchor Norms
40
Using the --, the equivalency of scores on different tests is calculated with reference to corresponding percentile scores
equipercentile method
41
A normative sample can be segmented by any of the criteria initially used in selecting subjects for the sample
subgroup norms
42
Provide normative information with respect to the local population’s performance on some test
local norms
43
An individual’s score is interpreted by comparing it with the scores obtained by others on the same test
Norm-referenced testing & assessment
44
goal is to yield information on an examinee’s standing or ranking relative to some comparison group of examinees
Norm-referenced testing & assessment
45
test performance data of a particular group of test takers that are designed for use as a reference when evaluating/interpreting individual test scores
norms
46
The distribution of scores obtained on the test from a -- is used as the basis for the calculation of test scores for future administrations of the test
fixed reference group
47
o Approach to evaluate the test score in relation to other scores on the same test o Area of focus: how an individual performed relative to other people who took the test
Norm-referenced evaluation
48
A standard on which a judgement or decision may be based
criterion
49
A method of evaluation and a way of deriving meaning from test scores by evaluating an individual’s score with reference to a set standard
Criterion-referenced testing and assessment
50
Individual’s performance is evaluated in terms of the performance of the most nearly comparable standardization group
Within Group Norms
51
indicates how far along the normal developmental path an individual has progressed
developmental norms
52
Criterion-referenced testing and assessment also called
domain- or content-referenced
53
domain sampling
refer to either (1) a sample of behaviors from all possible behaviors that could conceivably be indicative of a particular construct or (2) a sample of test items from all possible items that could conceivably be used to measure a particular construct.