Unit 4

Question 1

Anarchism

Answer 1

An ideology that views the state as the key source of oppression and seeks to replace that state with a system based on voluntary co-operation

Question 2

Anthropocentrism

Answer 2

The focus on human well-being that is as the centre of most political thought.

Question 3

Communism

Answer 3

Communism is a socio-economic and political ideology that advocates for a classless society where the means of production are collectively owned and controlled by the community or state. It aims to eliminate social and economic inequalities by distributing resources and wealth equally among all members of society. In a communist system, there is no private ownership of property

Question 4

Conservatism

Answer 4

Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that emphasizes the preservation of traditional values, institutions, and a limited government role in individuals’ lives. It values stability, order, and continuity in society, often rooted in religious, cultural, or historical traditions. Conservatives typically support free-market capitalism, individual liberty, and a strong national defense.

Question 5

Moderate Conservatism (traditional)

Answer 5

this represents a more pragmatic approach within the conservative political system. There is usually an advocacy for balance between traditional values and progressive reforms.

Question 6

Reactionary Conservatism

Answer 6

This ideology seeks to restore traditional social hierarchies, values, and institutions by opposing social and political changes associated with liberalism or other progressive movements.

Question 7

Ecology

Answer 7

This is a disicipline of the sciences that emphasizes the complex interrelatedness of the natural world

Question 8

Fascism

Answer 8

An ideology that combines an aggressive form of nationalism with a strong belief in the naturalness of inequality and opposition to both liberal democracy and communism

Question 9

Fundamentalism

Answer 9

A conservative religious or ideological perspective characterized by strict adherence to traditional beliefs, often in opposition to modern secular values.

Question 10

Leninism

Answer 10

Leninism took its roots from the tenets of Marxism and applied them to the Russian Revolution. Leninism states that only a dedicated group of revolutionaries could eliminate capitalism. The ideology states that ordinary workers would never revolt if left to their own devices

Question 11

Marxism

Answer 11

A soci-political and economic theory that was developed by Karl Marx and Engels. it analyses society as drive by class struggle, and advocates for overthrowing’s capitalism as well s ownership of the means of production. It believes that an revolution and the elimination of capitalism is inevitable.

Question 12

Nazism

Answer 12

A version of fascism associated with Adolf Hitler, emphasizing racial conflict and the superiority of the Arian race

Question 13

New Right

Answer 13

A perspective that combines the promotion of free market capitalism and limited government and traditional cultural and moral values.

Question 14

Radical politics

Answer 14

Involves the advocacy for profound and transformative changes in societal structures, often challenging the norm and power dynamics

Question 15

Social Democracy

Answer 15

A democratic regime that uses
the state to implement egalitarian redistribution
of the wealth produced by a largely capitalist
economy.

Question 16

Democratic Socialism

Answer 16

The perspective that socialism should be achieved by democratic rather than revolutionary means and that a socialist society should be democratic in nature with political rights and freedoms respected

Question 17

Scientific socialism

Answer 17

A theory based on Marxist principles, using scientific analysis to predict the evolution of capitalism into socialism through class struggle.

Question 18

Utopian socialism:

Answer 18

An ideology that calls for all thins being owned in common, money is no longer used, and all resources of the society are collectively pooled into a common area from which all members could take what they need.

Question 19

Socialism

Answer 19

Socialism is a political and economic ideology that seeks to reduce economic inequality and ensure social welfare by advocating for collective or state ownership and control of key industries and resources. It promotes the idea that wealth and resources should be distributed more equitably among citizens, typically through progressive taxation and social programs.

Question 20

Socialist Anarchy

Answer 20

Socialist anarchy, also known as anarcho-socialism, is a political philosophy that combines elements of socialism and anarchism. It envisions a society without government or hierarchy, where collective ownership and control of resources and the means of production lead to equality and cooperation. It aims to eliminate both capitalism and the state while fostering a classless, self-governing society.

Question 21

Sustainable development

Answer 21

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Question 22

Totalitarianism

Answer 22

A political system where a centralized authority exercises absolute control over all aspects of public and private lift, and suppresses personal freedoms, dissent, and opposition.