Unit 4 Flashcards
A social concept that groups certain people together based on physical traits like skin color, though there is no biological basis for such categorization.
race
A generalization about an entire category of people; it is generally presumed to describe a ‘typical’ member of that category
stereotype
An intentional or unintentional act which adversely affects opportunities because of race, color, religion, sex, disability, marital status, or national origin, or other factors such as age.
discrimination
Conscious, known bias that a person harbors toward or against a particular group.
explicit bias
A set of genes that creates a certain physical appearance
phenotype
Geographic areas that have high concentrations of a particular ethnicity, prevailing cultural norms, and in some cases, distinct economic systems
Ethnic enclave
Bias (associations, preferences, and prejudices) formed and harbored unconsciously through one’s lifelong interaction with people, media, school, and even language.
implicit bias
The systematic killing of one group of people by another.
genocide
A society in which racial and ethnic groups are distinct but have equal social standing; minority groups do not have to give up their distinctive lifestyles and cultural traditions in order to avoid prejudice and discrimination, and all groups have a roughly equal share of resources and political power.
pluralist society
Theory that holds that class, race, and gender are all intertwined and interact to create different levels of disadvantage in society
intersectionality
The physical and social separation of different racial or ethnic groups
segregation
The theory that prejudice arises from the frustration of those who are economically or socially disadvantaged, who then turn that aggression against others who are lower on the social hierarchy.
Scapegoat theory (of prejudice)
Theory that states that prejudice is a learned behavior; because prejudice is part of the culture that surrounds us all, it is present in all members of society to a greater or lesser degree
culture theory (of prejudice)
The process by which ethnic groups gradually give up their distinctive culture and traditions to adopt the patterns of the dominant culture.
assimilation
The sociological principle that states that we categorize other people on the basis of what is most noticeable (most salient) about them.
salience principle
The use of scientific theories, techniques, or research to rationalize racism, categorization of people, and racial superiority.
scientific racism
The underlying societal attitude that drives any form of racism.
systemic racism
Generally refers to a person’s cultural identity, derived from a shared sense of cultural, ancestral, and/or national identity.
ethnicity
A policy that requires institutions to favor under-represented minorities when determining whether to recruit or promote them.
Affirmative Action
Theory that assumes that class conflict is inevitable in society, and that those in the dominant class will use prejudice as a means to oppress those in the economically-deprived lower classes
conflict theory (of prejudice)
Racism that is embedded into institutions; policies, laws, and practices that disproportionately favor or disadvantage one race over another
institutional racism
A generalization made about an entire racial or ethnic category of people
racial-ethnic stereotype
A social philosophy that promotes the improvement and perpetuation of desirable genetic qualities by encouraging people with those traits to procreate, and discouraging, limiting, or preventing (such as with sterilization) people without those qualities from procreating.
eugenics
The separation of people by gender, particularly prominent in occupations.
gender segregation
