Unit 3

Question 1

The act of judging another group’s heritage or culture by the standards and values inherent in one’s own culture.

Answer 1

ethnocentrism

Question 2

A leader focused on completing the task at hand, reaching goals, and ensuring that each individual is completing his or her work.

Answer 2

instrumental leader

Question 3

Occurs when an individual or group must weigh personal benefit against the well-being of society.

Answer 3

social dilemma

Question 4

A formal organization that has defined terms of membership, written governance, and written communication, as well as a division of labor, responsibility, and accountability.

Answer 4

bureaucracy

Question 5

An organization that maintains membership through payment.

Answer 5

utilitarian organization

Question 6

All the statuses that one person has.

Answer 6

status set

Question 7

In sociology, people that share a trait or characteristic, such as age or eye color.

Answer 7

category

Question 8

A position given by society.

Answer 8

status

Question 9

The dynamic of conformity that is influenced by the desire to be accepted and liked by a group.

Answer 9

normative social influence

Question 10

The process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group.

Answer 10

conformity

Question 11

A group of people with whom an individual shares long-lasting, personal relationships.

Answer 11

primary group

Question 12

Organization that an individual joins willingly because its purpose aligns with his or her interests, beliefs, or values.

Answer 12

voluntary organization

Question 13

Preferences, advantages, and favorable judgment given to members of one’s in-group over members of an out-group.

Answer 13

in-group favoritism

Question 14

People that come together in proximity for a short period of time, without regularity, and without knowing one another.

Answer 14

aggregate

Question 15

In sociology, a group comprising three people.

Answer 15

triad

Question 16

The behaviors and attitudes expected of someone inhabiting a certain status.

Answer 16

role

Question 17

An organization that an individual is forced to join; these organizations often work to resocialize their members to conform to specific, strict rules for behavior and attitude.

Answer 17

coercive organization

Question 18

When members of a group exert less effort on a common task than they would if they were working individually.

Answer 18

social loafing

Question 19

A dynamic of conformity that describes the tendency to assume that the group judgment or answer is accurate.

Answer 19

informational social influence

Question 20

People with whom an individual shares a functional relationship; the length of interaction is typically shorter and oriented around a common task.

Answer 20

secondary group

Question 21

A leader focused on the group’s morale and dynamics; typically this person acts as a mediator and motivator.

Answer 21

expressive leader

Question 22

The set of behaviors, actions and qualities expected of a certain role.

Answer 22

role expectation

Question 23

When an organization redefines its goals, mission, and purpose after it has reached its objectives in order to maintain its existence.

Answer 23

goal displacement

Question 24

In sociology, a group comprising two people.

Answer 24

dyad

Question 25

Groups comprised of secondary members that organize for an explicit purpose.

Answer 25

formal organizations

Question 26

A smaller group of people within a larger group.

Answer 26

faction

Question 27

A group to which an individual feels that they belong.

Answer 27

in-group

Question 28

Targeted, negative behavior directed toward others due to their membership in a particular group.

Answer 28

discrimination

Question 29

The conformity that frequently occurs in the decision-making processes of very close groups.

Answer 29

groupthink

Question 30

Competing demands or expectations between multiple statuses.

Answer 30

role conflict

Question 31

Any group to which an individual compares him or herself.

Answer 31

reference group

Question 32

An evaluation and unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.

Answer 32

prejudice

Question 33

A group to which an individual feels that they do not belong and does not identify with.

Answer 33

out-group

Question 34

Competing demands or expectations within a given status.

Answer 34

role strain

Question 35

A status that overrides other statuses a person may have.

Answer 35

master status

Question 36

A negative label attached to a person, behavior, or circumstance that distinguishes him or her from the rest of society.

Answer 36

stigma

Question 37

Actions, behaviors, traits, or characteristics that violate socially accepted standards or norms

Answer 37

deviance

Question 38

The typology of responses to a mismatch between socially-promoted goals and legitimate means.

Answer 38

structural strain theory

Question 39

Nonviolent crime often committed by business professionals or someone of high social status who is motivated by financial gain.

Answer 39

white-collar crime

Question 40

A crime that involves only the perpetrator or two consenting adults, such as the consumption of illegal drugs or prostitution.

Answer 40

victimless crime

Question 41

Edwin Sutherland’s theory that people learn criminal behavior from others in their communities; that is, criminal behavior is taught.

Answer 41

differential association

Question 42

Behavior or action that violates a society’s legal code.

Answer 42

crime

Question 43

The response to social strain of giving up on or rejecting the socially-approved goal, but sticking with the legitimate means to achieve that goal.

Answer 43

ritualism

Question 44

A crime in which violence is used or threatened.

Answer 44

violent crime

Question 45

An enterprise run by individuals who engage in illegal activity, usually for money or profit, that often involves the sale of illegal goods and services.

Answer 45

organized crime

Question 46

The theory that how people are labeled or identified will influence their self-identification or behavior.

Answer 46

labeling theory

Question 47

A crime that is motivated by biases based on characteristics of the victim such as race, gender, gender identity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, and ethnicity.

Answer 47

hate crime

Question 48

The response to social strain of rejecting both the socially-promoted goal and the legitimate means to attain it, while substituting new goals and means.

Answer 48

rebellion

Question 49

The response to social strain of rejecting both the socially-approved goal and the legitimate means to achieve it.

Answer 49

retreatism

Question 50

One of the five possible responses to social strain which accepts both the socially-promoted goals and the legitimate means of pursuing them.

Answer 50

conformity

Question 51

Societal expectation for behavior.

Answer 51

social norms

Question 52

A crime to obtain money, property, or some other material benefit.

Answer 52

property crime

Question 53

The response to social strain of pursuing the socially-promoted goal through an illegitimate or alternative means.

Answer 53

innovation

Question 54

A type of crime that involves executives violating laws in order to benefit their corporation.

Answer 54

corporate crime

Question 55

The process by which certain human problems and conditions are redefined as medical conditions, and therefore treated as a disease or illness.

Answer 55

medicalization

Question 56

Society’s attempts to regulate and govern people’s behavior, which can be through formal or informal means.

Answer 56

social control