Course Questions Flashcards

Question

Which of the following would NOT be an example of applied sociology? a. A study to measure how often former prisoners recommit crimes compared to how many times they are required to check in with their parole officers. b. Medical researchers recording how often patients bring up partner abuse to a doctor during a regular check-up based on different scripts the doctors use to ask about the patients' home situations. c. A study measuring the effectiveness of two different youth programs in raising students' grades. d. A graduate student running a research project to see if including certain words into a passage volunteers read evokes greater feelings of patriotism in them as measured by a survey.

Answer 1

d. A graduate student running a research project to see if including certain words into a passage volunteers read evokes greater feelings of patriotism in them as measured by a survey. Correct. This example does not have immediate social benefits and is an example of academic sociology.

Answer 2

Healthcare Correct. Clinical sociologists often work in the medical field.

Answer 3

c. Symbolic interactionist perspective Correct. Symbolic interactionists are focused on everyday social interactions.

Answer 4

b. Conflict perspective Correct. The conflict perspective, pioneered by Karl Marx, often focuses on the conflicts in a capitalist society, though it can take up other types of social conflict and inequality.

Answer 5

Conflict Perspective Correct. Feminism does not primarily see gender as part of how a society creates balance but instead as part of how certain social groups oppress or exploit others, a perspective close to that of conflict theory.

Answer 6

c. It could provide evidence to support her theory by comparing the social interactions of mentally sharp older adults to the interactions of those who have average mental capacity. Correct. Research provides information to bolster or undermine a sociological theory.

Answer 7

a. A project that records the language young Caucasians in a certain metro region use to describe people of African-American heritage. Correct. This project seeks to more fully describe a social situation, perhaps providing evidence for a theory or suggesting avenues of further research.

Answer 8

It is needed to allow a hypothesis to be tested. Correct. Operational definitions allow a concept, such as "success," to be measured and analyzed with data.

Answer 9

b. People may not act the way they would in real life. Correct. Since an experiment manipulates the environment to make the experiment replicable, it may change the way participants react. A response in an artificial environment may not give researchers accurate information about how people respond in the real world.

Answer 10

b) Qualitative; quantitative Correct. Quantitative usually means numbers are involved while qualitative is related to description.

Answer 11

c) construct hypothesis Correct. Determining what you want to ask and researching the topic helps you form a working hypothesis that you can test.

Answer 12

d) the factors being measured that can change given different conditions Correct. Variables are the traits or characteristics that are measured in an experiment can be manipulated.

Answer 13

a) bias Correct. Bias is a methodological problem, such as a sample not accurately representing the population, which causes the results of the study to misrepresent the real situation.

Answer 14

c) Correlation indicates statistical association among multiple variables; causation indicates that one variable is the cause of another. Correct. Correlation does not prove causation.

Answer 15

a. Researchers infected the men with syphilis. Correct. One of the few aspects of the experiment that researchers are not to blame for is the participants' initial contracting of the disease.

Answer 16

c. A researcher does academic research on people's attitudes towards products that are made by a company she consults for. Correct. The researcher may not be conducting unbiased research on that topic since she is paid by a company that has an interest in the results.

Answer 17

People may not accurately report their own experiences, and the questions themselves may shape the responses gathered. Correct. These are potential limitations of a survey.

Answer 18

It means the results have probably not occurred by chance Correct. For results to be statistically significant, it probably means they did not happen by chance.

Answer 19

c. When the population is too large for every member to be measured. Correct. Samples are taken when a population is too large for all members to be measured.

Answer 20

Applied Sociology

Answer 21

Karl Marx Feedback: The correct answer is D. Karl Marx's studies of class conflict are the basis for the conflict perspective in sociology.

Answer 22

No one is born knowing how to communicate with one another, and people have to learn what symbols mean and how to use them. Feedback: The correct answer is A. Mead's theory about social interactions and symbols created the basis for symbolic interactionism.

Answer 23

Football is almost a religious institution that uses rituals to reinforce common American values, such as competition, and it serves as an outlet for aggression in order to help maintain social cohesion. Feedback: The correct answer is B. A functionalist would say that football serves a specific purpose in society in order to help it better function.

Answer 24

Variables need established operational definitions so that they can be measured and the data can be analyzed. Feedback: The correct answer is D. Operational definitions of variables are necessary in research so that the variables can be measured and the data can be analyzed.

Answer 25

Correlation Feedback: The correct answer is B. Although the researcher found that owning more books is related to better reading ability, this does not mean that one causes the other; they are simply correlated. Perhaps wealthier families can both afford to buy more books and give their children other advantages that improve reading.

Answer 26

It can offer a lot of detail on a topic Feedback: The correct answer is C. Field research can lack breadth, it can be very time-consuming, and different researchers might draw different conclusions about what they observed, but unlike other research methods, it offers detail about the situation.

Answer 27

Survey Feedback: The correct answer is D. Surveys are useful for gleaning information from large groups of people and drawing specific comparisons between respondents.

Answer 28

Sociological Imagination Feedback: The correct answer is C. Sociological imagination requires one to widen his or her perspective to understand the social forces that shape behavior and attitudes.

Answer 29

Informed consent Feedback: The correct answer is A. Informed consent requires that participants in a study are aware of all of the potential risks that could result from their participation in a study.

Answer 30

Content analysis Feedback: The correct answer is B. Analyzing the language of job ads would be a type of content analysis.

Answer 31

Expertise Feedback: The correct answer is C. Luciana does not have experience studying the prison population. If she does not explain what her area of expertise is to the non-profit, she might illegitimately benefit from her status as a sociologist without the necessary experience.

Answer 32

Positivism

Answer 33

Ethnocentric

Answer 34

Folkways are traditional ways of doing something, while mores concern moral values.

Answer 35

Subcultures have their own distinctive language, values, and behaviors, while countercultures are oriented against what they perceive to be flaws in the dominant culture.

Answer 36

learning, acquiring, and internalizing cultural patterns and practices

Answer 37

the mass media as an agent of socialization

Answer 38

a) blood type

Answer 39

b) The student learns to pay attention and follow the instructions of someone in a position of authority.

Answer 40

Gender roles

Answer 41

Marriage provides a way of publicly signaling love and commitment, but it is always changing. Correct. People "know" what being married means because the institution provides stability, but what people expect from marriage—who marries, how long they'll be married, spouses' behavior to one another and to others—slowly changes over time.

Answer 42

Dedicated birdwatchers who often meet, share common goals, and use a specialize language to talk about their experiences Correct. Any group of people who identify strongly with each other and have identified their own language and values is a subculture.

Answer 43

a. A gardener almost steps on a snake he knows to be harmless and screams. Correct. An immediate reaction, such as a scream, in response to a situation the person knows is non-threatening is likely an instinctive response.

Answer 44

c. A sociologist would argue that humans vary widely in how they express and fulfill those drives. Correct. Sociologists are interested in the ways in which a hunger strike can have political significance or the various times and ways people are taught to sleep.

Answer 45

Holism Correct. This is an example of how culture should be thought of as a whole, how a change in one aspect of culture can have wide-reaching effects.

Answer 46

a drive Correct. A generalized desire that's important for survival, such as the desire to eat, sleep, or have sex, is considered a drive.

Answer 47

a. Whom a person chooses to eat with Correct. Just because eating is a biological drive does not mean that it doesn't have social significance. Sociologists would focus on how eating was culturally meaningful.

Answer 48

a. Placing your napkin on your lap at dinner Correct. Folkways are norms that are customarily taken without thinking. Placing your napkin on your lap at dinner is polite, and it is considered appropriate dinner behavior. It is unlikely that anyone will scold you for not putting your napkin on your lap. For these reasons, it is a folkway.

Answer 49

c. Mores are norms; however, mores govern a society's notion of right and wrong. Correct. Cultural norms are behaviors that society has deemed "normal." Mores are those norms that govern a culture's ethical and moral standards.

Answer 50

b. The flag helps people inside the group feel an emotional identification with the movement through an implicit connection to the American Revolution. Correct. The Tea Party movement took a symbol from the American Revolution (like the name "Tea Party" itself) and used it to help members feel a sense of patriotism from their connection to the historical American value of fighting against government overreach.

Answer 51

c. A sociologist would say that because language is always changing, the dictionary would not have the most up-to-date information. Correct. A sociologist would study language in the field to find the most up-to-date words and their meanings.

Answer 52

a. A shopkeeper is offended when a foreign tourist tries to negotiate a price in the store, and the shopkeeper tells him to either buy the item or leave it. Correct. Negotiating prices in most shops in the United States would be considered odd, but feeling offended shows an attachment to the shopkeeper's own culture and an unwillingness to think about the tourist's perspective.

Answer 53

The belief that the set of cultural practices and beliefs of one group is no better than those of other groups Correct. This is the definition of cultural relativism.

Answer 54

d. People in subcultures share distinctive aspects that set them apart as a group. Correct. A subculture is a group of people with distinctive beliefs, practices, and languages.

Answer 55

a. A language unique to a subculture Correct. Argot is a language used by a subculture.

Answer 56

a. It changes culture by putting more people in contact with one another and by changing the technological conditions of life. Correct. Modernization is changing the economic and technological conditions in a society which will change its culture.

Answer 57

b. A civil rights campaign Correct. A civil rights campaign exemplifies a focused movement to change an aspect of the mainstream culture, and this is one of the three main ways a cultural shift can occur.

Answer 58

The word inherently implies a place within the hierarchy of society

Answer 59

Globalization

Answer 60

Cultural relativism

Answer 61

c. Race is a social category while ethnicity is a shared ancestry and heritage. Correct. Race has no biological basis but is an important social category. Ethnicity refers to shared ancestry.

Answer 62

b. It is useful insofar as it gives people a sense of belonging, but it can prevent them from learning about other cultures. Correct. Ethnocentrism is useful because it allows people to move through their own society easily, but it can become a barrier to experiencing other cultures.

Answer 63

a. A South Korean music video is widely seen in the United States. Correct. Globalization refers to the spread of ideas across the globe, often through media.

Answer 64

Family Correct. Family has a major impact on the development of an individual's sense of self, especially since its influence is present during the individual's youngest, most formative years.

Answer 65

Institutions Correct. Institutions (school in particular) teach appropriate social behavior and discipline.

Answer 66

Socialization

Answer 67

Life course approach Correct. The life course approach examines the connection among roles we take throughout life that are largely determined by our age.

Answer 68

a. Older adults face discrimination in the job market because they are assumed to be less capable than their younger peers. Correct. The expectations and stereotypes that come with people's ideas of certain stages of life can be detrimental because they lead to discrimination.

Answer 69

d. Gender role and gender identity Correct. Women are supposed to be nurturing, and according to the U.S. Census Bureau about 90 percent of nurses are women. Therefore, dressing as a nurse reinforces a female gender role associated with nurturing. The girl's sex matches with her chosen gender identity, reinforcing that as well

Answer 70

It refers to everyday interactions that evoke and reinforce gender differences. Correct. Doing gender posits that people perform their gender during everyday interactions with others.

Answer 71

Gender roles are learned and not universal. Correct. Gender roles are learned and not universal, meaning different cultures have different conceptions of gender

Answer 72

While intersex refers to someone who is born with sexual characteristics from both sexes, transsexual refers to someone who has chosen to assume some sexual characteristics associated with the opposite sex. Correct. Intersex is a condition present at birth, while transsexual refers to someone who has chosen to get medical treatment to acquire sexual characteristics that reflect his or her felt identity.

Answer 73

a. He saw heterosexuality and homosexuality as a continuum. Correct. He thought some people fell squarely into one of those two categories, but he also believed other people might be in the middle, for example, pretty strongly attracted to the opposite sex, but somewhat attracted to their own.

Answer 74

c. Gay Correct. Both refer to a non-heterosexual sexual identity.

Answer 75

Gender roles are learned and not universal. Correct. The fact that the gender roles varied among these groups suggests that they are learned, not innate.

Answer 76

b. Parth works at a coffee shop after school in order to pay for some household expenses, but his parents still impose a curfew on him. Correct. Parth is taking on adult-like responsibilities by working to pay for some necessary expenses, but he is being treated like a child when his parents give him a curfew.

Answer 77

c. The child imitates the actions or behaviors of these characters in order to learn about the social expectations for a particular role. Correct. The child uses characters he or she knows in order to play at taking on a certain role, such as that of "father" or "teacher."

Answer 78

Symbolic Interactionism Correct. Symbolic interactionism focuses on how people negotiate and enforce social norms through their interactions.

Answer 79

Preparatory

Answer 80

We imagine how others see us, we imagine how they judge us, we respond to their perceived judgment. Correct. These are the stages of Cooley's looking-glass self.

Answer 81

An understanding of rules and structure Correct. Children move from free-form play to a recognition that there are rules that assign different players roles in the play.

Answer 82

The second stage Correct. He is imagining others' judgments of himself.

Answer 83

Felix knows he is a good student. Correct. This is an example of a durable idea about himself.

Answer 84

It allows the child to practice another role

Answer 85

Self-concept

Answer 86

c) a study that considers whether people who were entering college during the Vietnam era are more politically active than those who were younger or older during the Vietnam war.

Answer 87

The play phase

Answer 88

The game phase

Answer 89

Enculturation

Answer 90

Counterculture

Answer 91

Modernization

Answer 92

b) An American finds it rude when a Chinese person burps loudly at dinner

Answer 93

Transexual

Answer 94

A child's gender may determine how they are treated and essentially affect how they perceive themselves.

Answer 95

a group to which an individual belongs

Answer 96

government regulation

Answer 97

Utilitarian

Answer 98

Conformity

Answer 99

Organized Crime

Answer 100

Innovation

Answer 101

Your sister starts working at your company, adding a new status of "coworker." Feedback: The correct answer is A. In this scenario, your relationship with your sister, now coworker, creates conflicting expectations of how to treat one another. In each other scenario, your role is either very clear, or not in conflict with another role.

Answer 102

all of the above

Answer 103

a. Your secondary group is composed of people you interact with on a regular basis, while an aggregate is a group of people that happen to be in the same place as you for a certain period of time. Correct. These are the correct definitions of secondary group and aggregate.

Answer 104

c. People born and raised in Annapolis, Maryland Correct. While all the people born and raised in a certain town will not know each other, they probably share some cultural traits and would create a sense of shared identity.

Answer 105

a. People think about the world in terms of "us" versus "them" groups readily with little prompting. Correct. Tajfel's division of the boys at the same school showed that they were willing to divide into others into "in-groups" and "out-groups" easily just on the basis of a preference for a certain artist.

Answer 106

b. The perception that all members of the out-group are the same Correct. An important effect of in-group and out-group dynamics is the perception that while people in the in-group vary, everyone who is in the out-group is alike.

Answer 107

b. Zach has the status of manager at a company. In his role as a manager, he occasionally asks his subordinates to redo their work so that it conforms to his expectations. Correct. Status is an identity category while role is the set of behaviors associated with that category.

Answer 108

c. During class, a physics teacher chats with the star quarterback of the high school football team about strategies for the upcoming game. Correct. In this example, we see someone's status as "star quarterback" overrule his status as "student" in the eyes of the teacher.

Answer 109

a. Aaron's family is both his primary group and his in-group. Correct. Aaron's family is his in-group because he identifies with them. His family is also his primary group because these are people with whom he maintains personal relationships because he loves and cares about them.

Answer 110

Reference group Correct. A reference group is any group to which a person compares himself or herself. As long as the individual identifies with the group in some way AND compares himself or herself to it, that group can be considered a reference group.

Answer 111

c. Emmanuel is a manager at a company. He needs to get a project done soon. One of his most valuable employees is available but dislikes the work that needs to be done. Emmanuel struggles between the risk of missing the deadline or alienating the employee. Correct. Role strain refers to conflicts within a particular status. Emmanuel feels the conflict between keeping the top talent happy (role of a manager) and meeting a deadline (role of a manager).

Answer 112

c. Jake moves into a new apartment building and joins a group of guys he meets there at a local bar. The guys talk about the physical attractiveness of various women living in the apartment complex. Although Jake feels uncomfortable with the topic of conversation, he adds his own opinions to fit in with the group. Correct. This is an example of normative social conformity. Jake does not share the values of the group but does not want to alienate the group by expressing dissent.

Answer 113

d. Factions Correct. This is the term sociologists use for large groups that break into smaller groups.

Answer 114

c. Interchangeability Correct. Interchangeability is a characteristic of bureaucracies that ensures that any qualified person can perform the duties specific to a role in the organization. If one individual can no longer perform his or her role, another person can do it; therefore, the organization keeps running.

Answer 115

c. Social groups are created often casually around relationships in daily life; formal organizations are created to achieve goals. Correct. Social groups are formed around our daily interactions, while formal organizations are created for an explicit purpose as a means of achieving goals. The members of a formal organization can also be members of the same social group.

Answer 116

a. A person gets out of prison and joins AA to help them deal with their drug addiction. Correct. Prison is a coercive organization and AA is a voluntary organization where people join together because of a shared interest or value.

Answer 117

d. Bureaucracies are more highly developed organizations. Correct. Bureaucracies are more highly developed organizations than other types of formal organizations, and requiring written communication, interchangeability, and other characteristics in order to function because of their size.

Answer 118

b. Relationships; goals Correct. The rationalization of society was Max Weber's term for the shift in society's value of tradition to the need to accomplish goals. This was primarily a result of industrial advancements, which meant the people began to work outside of the home for companies, rather than for their family.

Answer 119

b. A person jaywalks across a street instead of using the crosswalk. Correct. Many people consider walking diagonally across a busy intersection a reasonable (if somewhat dangerous) activity. It can be against the law, however.

Answer 120

c. A child who is extremely obese Correct. Being overweight is stigmatized in our society.

Answer 121

d. A homosexual lifestyle was identified as a deviant lifestyle. Self-identified members of this deviant group successfully fought for greater equal rights. Correct. This is an example of how deviance can usher in new social norms by giving recognition to a previously unnoticed category.

Answer 122

b. People lack legitimate means to achieve a socially sanctioned goal. Correct. Merton categorized the different ways people respond when they lack the legitimate means to achieve a goal that society deems legitimate.

Answer 123

d. Both believe deviance occurs when there is an imbalance of resources in society. Correct. Both the conflict perspective and structural strain theory at least partly attribute deviance to the imbalance of resources available in society.

Answer 124

a. White-collar criminals are often wealthy and powerful, so they have more resources available to cover up their deviant actions. Correct. The conflict perspective, as it relates to deviance, states that laws are based on the interest of the groups with the most influence. Since white-collar criminals are usually wealthy and powerful members of society, they have resources that can help cover up their crimes, which might not be available to other people.

Answer 125

c. It focuses on the relationships between people on a micro level, rather than examining society on a whole. Correct. Differential association theory states that people learn criminal behavior from other people in their communities. It differs from functionalism and the conflict perspective because it focuses on interactions at a micro level, rather than examining society at a macro level.

Answer 126

a. Doctors now pay attention when patients tell them they feel depressed in winter and are more likely to identify that emotion as Seasonal Affective Disorder, whereas previously they might have attributed the depression to individual temperament. Correct. This is an example of how a human feeling is newly diagnosed as a medical condition, though in this case, the emotion was not deviant.

Answer 127

c. It asserts that deviance contributes to the stability of society. Correct. The functionalist perspective on deviance could be considered counterintuitive because functionalists assert that deviance, despite including some unstable behaviors, actually contributes to the stability of society.

Answer 128

b. Both a retreatist and a rebel reject the socially acceptable goals and means; a rebel creates a new set of goals and means. Correct. A retreatist rejects the socially acceptable goal and the socially sanctioned means. Like a retreatist, a rebel rejects the goal and the means to achieve it. However, the difference is that the rebel substitutes new goals and means for herself.

Answer 129

b. Former convicts relapsing into criminal activity Correct. Labeling theory explains that how a person is labeled or identified will influence the behavior of that person. People who have been released from prison might return to illegal activity because they have been labeled as criminals, and they internalize that label, which perpetuates criminal activity.

Answer 130

b. Gambling Correct. Gambling is considered a victimless crime.

Answer 131

a. A female sex worker living with her two children committed a robbery. Correct. Females are less likely to commit violent crimes, while more likely to live with dependent children and to be sex workers.

Answer 132

a. The presence of prisons provides a deterrence from crime and rehabilitates criminals. Correct. Functionalists believe incarceration deters people from committing crimes and rehabilitates former criminals.

Answer 133

Released prisoners will commit new crimes. Correct. A Philadelphia study showed that it can be challenging to predict which released criminals will go on to commit additional crimes.

Answer 134

The reward or punishment people in society give an individual in order to enforce social norms. Correct. Imprisonment is a negative sanction but sanctions can be rewards as well. They enforce socially appropriate behavior.

Answer 135

Living in economically deprived neighborhoods Correct. People who are raised in economically deprived neighborhoods are likely to commit crimes at a greater rate, but this is largely because of the other factors, such as less access to legitimate forms of employment.

Answer 136

Illegal drug use Correct. Since the person being harmed is the person taking the drugs, this is considered a victimless crime.

Answer 137

. Feedback: The correct answer is C. Aggregates are a group of people convene without knowing one another in a location temporarily and without frequency. Unless these "people with blue eyes" are in the same place at the same time at random, this category cannot be considered an aggregate. "People with blue eyes" could instead be considered a category.

Answer 138

Feedback: The correct answer is C. Primary group members do not have to be family. The relationship does not have to be lifelong, and the relationship does not have to be rooted in a functional purpose. However, if there is a functional reason for interaction, the relationship will endure after that reason no longer exists. For example, coworkers that become friends will continue to see one another after each has moved on to a different job.

Answer 139

Feedback: The correct answer is C. Sanjay's situation is a typical dysfunction of bureaucracy. When people become divorced from the end result of their efforts, it can be difficult to stay interested in the work. Laura and Jim's situations demonstrate the challenges working in a bureaucracy; however, their companies are not exhibiting the dysfunctions.

Answer 140

Feedback: The correct answer is D. Groupthink is the conformity and flawed thinking that very close groups exhibit during a decision-making process. An example of this might be that the group is incapable of recognizing a mistake because so many people agree that the decision is correct.

Answer 141

Feedback: The correct answer is A. Often social loafing occurs because the responsibility is dispersed over a group; however, one could lessen the effect of this by holding each individual accountable for his or her work, and offering objective feedback on the quality of the work that they have completed.

Answer 142

Feedback: The correct answer is C. Reference groups are those to which an individual compares him or herself. Ben compares himself to the new members of his dance team and, subsequently, begins to train harder.

Answer 143

Feedback: The correct answer is A. Rebellion is the response to social strain by both rejecting the socially-promoted goal and the legitimate means to achieve it, while also creating new means and goals.

Answer 144

Feedback: The correct answer is A. Victimless crimes include vagrancy, prostitution, illegal drug use—in short, any crime with no obvious "victim." Embezzling is a white-collar crime and criminal organizations are part of organized crime.

Answer 145

Feedback: The correct answer is A. A hate crime is one motivated by biases based on characteristics of the victim such as sexual orientation, race, or religion.

Answer 146

Feedback: The correct answer is B. Being rude and disruptive during class is deviant and unacceptable behavior.

Answer 147

Feedback: The correct answer is B. Conflict theory states that power relationships are the most important factor in determining who is considered deviant.

Answer 148

Feedback: The correct answer is C. The medicalization of deviance looks at some deviant behaviors as medical illnesses rather than simply non-conforming, deviant behavior.

Answer 149

b. Members of the profession probably earn less than comparably trained members of another, male-dominated profession. Correct. Because of comparable worth discrimination, nurses probably make less than comparably trained professionals in professions that are dominated by men.

Answer 150

c. Hostile work environment harassment Correct. Hostile work environment harassment is when workers engage in unwelcome sexually-charged behavior making the workplace atmosphere intimidating, hostile, or offensive.

Answer 151

a. Glass ceiling Correct. Glass ceiling is a certain rank or position in an organization beyond which women have difficult being successfully promoted.

Answer 152

c. Jumil's behavior likely does not conform to gender norms. Correct. Interest in personal appearance, sensitivity, and a dislike of sports are feminine gender norms. Jumil's behavior does not conform to masculine gender norms.

Answer 153

a. They are more likely to commit suicide than heterosexual youth. Correct. They are twice as likely to attempt suicide as heterosexual youth.

Answer 154

c. Categorization and ranking of groups of people to form a hierarchy Correct. Social stratification is the categorization and ranking of groups of people to form a hierarchy.

Answer 155

a. Slavery Correct. Slavery is illegal in every country, however human trafficking continues to be an ongoing issue.

Answer 156

d. Karl Marx Correct. Karl Marx believed that the modern economic system led to inequality among members of society.

Answer 157

c. Race Correct. Weber identified class (wealth), status (prestige), and party (political power) as the three factors that contribute to a person's stratification in society.

Answer 158

c. The debt they owe Correct. Wealth is generally calculated by adding together what a person owns, such as real estate or stocks, minus any debt they might owe.

Answer 159

c. Working class Correct. "Blue-collar" workers make up about 30-40 percent of the current population and work in trades.

Answer 160

a. Ross works hard in law school and graduates at the top of his class. Correct. An ascribed status is a status usually assigned at birth, based on characteristics such as race, gender, nationality, or family origin. These statuses are not chosen, but they are assigned by society.

Answer 161

b. Women earn less than men overall and are often given more childcare responsibility. Correct. Because women are seen as nurturers, the expectation may be that a child born to unmarried adults should be cared for by the mother.

Answer 162

a. Relative poverty Correct. Although John's family has some necessities, they have fewer advantages than the people around them. Their poverty is relative.

Answer 163

c. Only 25 percent of working-age people receiving government assistance are not employed full-time or caring for others. Correct. 75 percent of people receiving government assistance are working full time or caring for others.

Answer 164

b. Cities have outlawed sleeping in public, essentially making homeless people criminals for living on the streets. Correct. People with homes often perceive those without as public nuisances and use local laws in an attempt to get rid of them.

Answer 165

d. Homelessness is a master status. Correct. Homelessness is a master status for many people experiencing the problem because it is so strongly stigmatized in our society. Homeless people feel that aspect of their social identity controls their interactions with others and their self-concepts.

Answer 166

b. Modernization theory Correct. Modernization theory holds that the development of the core nations has benefitted the periphery nations; therefore that globalization serves an important social purpose, spreading the wealth and technological know-how to less developed countries.

Answer 167

d. Core nations dominate periphery and semiperiphery nations since they control world wealth, dominating and exploiting other nations for their own benefit. Correct. Core nations dominate and control the world wealth and hence other countries.

Answer 168

d. Caste system Correct. A caste system is a rigid system of social stratification that determines a person's place in society, which they are usually born into.

Answer 169

c. The way stratification is perpetuated by the education system Correct. Someone who has not been to college may have difficulty understanding the system and helping her child navigate it. Therefore education is a force for social stratification.

Answer 170

b. That the income is more evenly distributed among the population in Slovenia than it is in Haiti. Correct. A measure of 0 indicates that all people receive the same income, and a measure of 100 (or 100%) indicates that one person has all the wealth while others receive nothing. Therefore, Haiti's (much larger) Gini coefficient indicates that its income is much less evenly distributed among the population as compared to Slovenia's.

Answer 171

d. Race is a social category based on a person's physical traits; ethnicity comes from a shared sense of cultural, ancestral, and national identity. Correct. Race is a category, created socially, based on a person's physical traits; ethnicity comes from a shared sense of cultural, ancestral, and national identity.

Answer 172

c. Phenotype Correct. Genes are passed from one generation to the next, and a person's phenotype is the physical expression of these genes.

Answer 173

b. Jewish people Correct. Jewish people are a group defined only by a shared religious-cultural heritage, but they have been perceived as a race. Because of people's strong perception of their "otherness," they are defined as an ethnic group through historical circumstances.

Answer 174

d. Intellect Correct. Ethnicity is a multifaceted concept that may include one's heritage, language, religion, traditions, cuisine, nationality, and/or history, but it is not defined or affected by an individual's intellectual capacity.

Answer 175

a. The salience principle Correct. The salience principle states that we categorize people by what is most distinctive in their appearance. If someone looks African-American, she will be treated as one.

Answer 176

b. Whites suffering from an economic downturn in a town where a factory has just closed identify recent immigrants from Somalia as a problem in their community. Correct. Scapegoat theory holds that disadvantaged groups turn on groups below them in the social hierarchy.

Answer 177

d. An implicit bias will never be against an in-group. Correct. This is a false statement. Implicit biases tend to favor in-groups, but it's still possible to hold biases against in-groups.

Answer 178

b. White masters could punish and kill their slaves without being charged with felony. Correct. In 1669, a Virginia law stated that since slaves' term of service could not be extended (they were already serving for life), the only way for White masters to discipline them was through corporal punishment, which included killing the slaves.

Answer 179

a. Incarceration Correct. The "stop and frisk" policy is an example of a policy that can perpetuate racial injustice related to incarceration. This policy has resulted in higher percentages of minorities being stopped and searched by police than White people.

Answer 180

c. These schools were more likely to have poorer quality facilities and insufficient resources for students. Correct. Predominantly Black and Latinx schools tended to have dilapidated or mobile buildings in poor condition, lacked auditoriums and sports fields, and had insufficient access to resources like books and computers.

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c. In pluralism, subcultures keep their distinctive attributes, while in assimilation they take on the features of the dominant culture. Correct. These are the correct definitions of each term.

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c. Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander Correct. Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders make up 0.2 percent of the U.S. population; thus, they are the smallest racial category recognized in the United States.

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b. They are socialized more by peers than by parents. Correct. Sociologists attribute part of boys' relative failure to gender norms promoted by their peers.

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a. If women receive more college degrees, why do they earn less than men? Correct. College degrees confer significant benefits, so, if women are earning more degrees, they should have higher wages than men.

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c. Social worker Correct. According to research, social workers are mostly female.

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b. The gender wage gap Correct. The gender wage gap is the difference between women's average earnings and men's average earnings over their lifetimes. The gap has historically always favored men.

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d. Someone from HR hints that if an employee spends the night with him, she will receive a higher performance review. Correct. Presumably a higher performance review is linked to promotions or a higher salary. Because the person from HR has that power and offers it in exchange for sex, this is an example of quid pro quo harassment.

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c. Women with children earn less than comparable childless men, childless women, and fathers. Correct. The "motherhood penalty" refers to the fact that mothers earn less than others with comparable experience and education. There is a wage "penalty" for having a child.

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a. A husband and wife should take on separate roles to meet the family's internal and external needs. Correct. The functionalist theory has traditionally supported maintaining a gender binary and well-defined gender roles.q

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c. Symbolic interactionism Correct. Peter is studying the interactions among workers according to gender.

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c) gender wage gap Feedback: The correct answer is C. The gender wage gap is the difference between the average earnings by men and the average earning by women.

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b) Doing poorly in school is a gender norm for boys among their peers. Feedback: The correct answer is B. One theorist, Amy Hsin, speculated that since Asian-American boys' grades fell in high school, their peers' social norms for "masculine" behavior might be more influential than the early social norms inculcated by their parents.

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a) Working women pick up more of the housework than working men. Feedback: The correct answer is A. The "second shift" refers to the housework and child rearing that must be done after work, (a "second shift"), and surveys have found that working women on average spend more time on such chores than working men.

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d) Inequality in society stems from the gender roles assigned to and expected from men and women. Feedback: The correct answer is D. The conflict perspective attributes society's differences in how men and women are treated to inequality, especially now that gender roles are changing.

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c) assimilation Feedback: The correct answer is C. Assimilation is the process by which someone gives up their distinctive culture and adopts the patterns of the dominant culture.

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c) slavery, since the law that said that a child was a slave if his or her mother was, which eventually led to the idea that a single Black ancestor makes a person Black Feedback: The correct answer is C. Early Colonial laws stated that any children of slaves were slaves, even if they had White paternity. Over generations, even people whose racial heritage was largely White could still be considered slaves, feeding into the idea that a single Black ancestor made someone Black.

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b) Police officers in the United States, on average, operating under the "stop and frisk" policy, stop disproportionately more citizens of color. Feedback: The correct answer is B. In this example, we see that a disproportionate number of racial and ethnic groups being stopped and frisked reveals an underlying bias that is present in the United States. This is an example of a societal attitude that drives forms of racism. In letter A, a single officer demonstrates individual bias, and in letter C, a law aims to mitigate the effects of systemic or individual racism in the workplace.

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d) Employers keep a reserve army of workers they can hire if current employees misbehave. Feedback: The correct answer is D. Employers keep a reserve of potential employees, which allows them to threaten current employees with firing.

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b) Absolute poverty is a fixed definition of how poor one is; relative poverty fluctuates depending on the standard of living. Feedback: The answer is B. Those in absolute poverty lack access to basic needs like food and water, regardless of how wealthy others are; those in relative poverty are poor compared to those who live in comfort and luxury around them.

Answer 200

a) households headed by single females Feedback: The answer is A. The poverty rate of households headed by single females is currently about 30%, which is significantly higher than any other type of household.

Answer 201

b) the principle that states that we categorize other people on the basis of what is most noticeable about them Feedback: The correct answer is B. The salience principle states that we categorize other people on the basis of what is most noticeable (i.e., most salient) about them, such as gender, age, skin color, or cultural dress.

Answer 202

b) White is an ascribed status; mother is an achieved status. Feedback: The correct answer is B. Racial categories are defined by the culture and cannot be changed by the individual while becoming a mother is a status women can control.

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a) they are more likely to categorize themselves as Black, and they are more likely to be categorized by others as Black Feedback: The correct answer is A. After a person spends time in a correctional facility, they are more likely to self-identify as Black. Further, they are more likely to be categorized by others as Black.

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c) skin color Feedback: The correct answer is C. The salience principle states that we categorize people on the basis of what is most noticeable. In each of these four cases, skin color would probably be the first and most noticeable thing about a person.

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a) Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is a treatment. Feedback: The correct answer is A. Prejudice is an attitude (either positive or negative) held about an entire category or people, and discrimination is unequal treatment of a group based on prejudice.

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b) institutional racism Feedback: The correct answer is B. When individual racism becomes embedded into institutions, such as policies, laws, and practices that disproportionately favor or disadvantage one race over another, it is institutional racism.

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d) Women often feel pressured to choose between their careers and having a family. Feedback: The correct answer is D. More successful women do not have kids than successful men because, since women have been the primary caretakers throughout history, they often feel that they have to choose between a family and a rewarding career.

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b) glass escalator Feedback: The correct answer is B. The glass escalator is the act of men in female-dominated occupations being promoted through the ranks at a faster rate than their female coworkers.

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d) feminist theory Feedback: The correct answer is D. The feminist theory harbors a politically activist viewpoint that seeks equal treatment and opportunity for all individuals.

Answer 210

b) Stratification motivates people to work harder. Feedback: The correct answer is B. Functionalists hold that society evolves structures that benefit its members. So the uneven distribution of wealth and resources serves as an incentive for greater effort and efficiency.

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b) categorization and ranking of groups of people to form a hierarchy Feedback: The correct answer is B. Social stratification is the categorization and ranking of groups of people to form a hierarchy.

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b) agrarian system Feedback: The correct answer is B. Slavery, caste systems, and class systems are all systems of stratification.

Answer 213

a) Europe, North America and rich Asian and Pacific countries Feedback: The correct answer is A. Certain Asian countries such as Japan, China and Australia join with Europe and North America in owning most of the world's wealth.

Answer 214

b) participation in STEM fields Feedback: The correct answer is B. Girls are less prevalent in STEM fields. In the other categories girls are advantaged relative to boys.

Answer 215

b) drive perspective Feedback: The correct answer is B. Conflict perspective, functionalism, and symbolic interactionism are all major perspectives in sociology.

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b) patrilocal Feedback: The correct answer is B. Patrilocal refers to the common practice in some cultures that involves living with or near the husband's parents.

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d) homogamy Feedback: The correct answer is D. Homogamy is the tendency of people to marry others with similar characteristics as them.

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b) Cohabitation Feedback: The correct answer is B. Cohabitation describes an arrangement where two people living together are engaged in an intimate relationship but are not married.

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c) a subdivision of a larger religious group made up of members who share somewhat different beliefs from those of the dominant group Feedback: The correct answer is C. A sect is a subdivision of a larger religious group with members who usually share somewhat different beliefs from the dominant group.

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a) functionalism Feedback: The correct answer is A. The functionalist perspective posits that certain groups formed in society function like religion because they answer questions of ultimate meaning and give guidelines for daily life.

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b) Polytheism Feedback: The correct answer is B. Polytheism refers to the worship of or belief in multiple gods. Hinduism is a form of polytheism.

Answer 222

d) credential society Feedback: The correct answer is D. The U.S. is a credential society, requiring evidence of degrees and diplomas even when they aren't necessary for the job.

Answer 223

a) functionalism Feedback: The correct answer is A. Functionalists came up with the idea of social placement as a function of education.

Answer 224

d) A frail feminine body might be seen as healthy in one culture but diseased in another. Feedback: The correct answer is D. What counts as health or illness varies according to cultural norms.

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d) Yes, Brian is conforming to the sick role that says people have the responsibility to try to get better, and they have the right to neglect their regular responsibilities. Feedback: The correct answer is D. The sick role allows people to avoid responsibilities and requires them to try to get better.

Answer 226

b) The Communist Party expanded the system to make it accessible to all members of society. Feedback: The correct answer is B. The Communist Party believed in equal access to resources for all members of society, so it expanded the educational system, which was previously restricted to the nobility.

Answer 227

b) Every Swedish resident's major healthcare costs are covered, and the Swedish system is decentralized with local communities providing the healthcare. Feedback: The correct answer is B. Although Swedish residents pay in part for their healthcare, it is significantly subsidized by the government, while local communities retain control over both the healthcare provided and the amount of money healthcare providers receive in compensation.

Answer 228

d. Economic cooperation, a sexual relationship, and child rearing. Correct. Marriage is the social and legal union that commonly, though not always, involves economic cooperation, a sexual relationship, and child rearing.

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c. It has decreased. Correct. People in 2016 wanted (on average) 2.6 children.

Answer 230

d. It refers both to the fact that higher socioeconomic classes have higher marriage rates and to a mismatch between highly educated never-married women and less well-educated never-married men. Correct. These are two areas of interest to sociologists who research marriage.

Answer 231

a. Most children experience intense emotional upset at first. Correct. Most children experience intense emotional upset after a couple divorces, but most recover within two years.

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b. Women's and children's rights have grown. Correct. Women's and children's rights have grown over time.

Answer 233

a. There are more people who have never been married. Correct. The number of people who have never been married is now close to 1 in 4.

Answer 234

c. Symbolic interactionist perspective Correct. Symbolic interactionists study the role-taking process.

Answer 235

a. Within the family, women do more of the housework and child rearing than men. Correct. Gender roles are reinforced in family life, causing an unequal division of labor in the marriage and transmitting those unequal roles to the next generation.

Answer 236

d. Both a and b Correct. The two major sources of data for domestic violence are reporting by public agencies (such as courts and hospitals) and information gathered through random sample surveys.

Answer 237

c. The news outlet is using data from surveys that might have a large non-response bias. Correct. Surveys that rely on people to self report might have a significant non-response from those committing intimate terrorism. That might cause situation violence, which is more evenly distributed among men and women, to be overreported.

Answer 238

c. He overlooked nontraditional family forms. Correct. His focus was on heterosexual families, but he generalized to all families.

Answer 239

a. Instances of intimate terrorism go unreported. Correct. Households involved in intimate terrorism are most likely in this non-responding group because both partners would be afraid to share information with researchers. These surveys might instead be by dominated by situational couple violence, which is inflicted by both men and women.

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c. Companionate relationships prioritize amorous love while expressive relationships value mutual betterment and goal achievement. Correct. Companionate relationships prioritize amorous love while expressive relationships value mutual betterment and goal achievement.

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c. Polytheism Correct. Polytheistic religions recognize multiple deities, so these branches of Hinduism would be considered polytheistic.

Answer 242

c. Church Correct. Churches are differentiated from cults and sects by their large membership and advanced organization, which includes trained clergy members.

Answer 243

c. Symbolic interactionism perspective Correct. The symbolic interactionists focus on religious symbols and iconography as ways that people within religious communities experience and transmit their religion.

Answer 244

a. Émile Durkheim Correct. Durkheim believed that religion was a necessary societal function that provided people with a sense of community, reinforced social norms, passed down traditions to new generations, and gave people a sense of joy.

Answer 245

a. Social sciences are de-emphasized in favor of the hard sciences. Correct. The central government wants to retain power, so it emphasizes the hard sciences rather than the social sciences which encourage questioning authority and independent thinking.

Answer 246

b. America was becoming more industrial and workers needed skills. Correct. The need for a more skilled workforce drove the law for longer schooling.

Answer 247

a. Creating relationships among people of the same social class Correct. This is not a manifest, or stated, function of educational institutions but it is a common outcome.

Answer 248

a. Cultural capital Correct. Bourdieu believed everyone has cultural capital, which includes aspects of a person that go beyond his or her financial resources, such as the way he or she dresses.

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b. Sect Correct. Sects, unlike cults, form within a dominant religion or larger church, but emphasize the beliefs that separate them from that dominant religion.

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b. The divine right of kings means that God has divinely chosen a monarch to rule. Correct. This is a historical example of how religion reinforces political social inequality.

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c. Schools teaching cultural knowledge such as Thanksgiving traditions Correct. This is an important manifest function of the educational system, to teach cultural knowledge important for living in the United States.

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c. They lead to preventable conditions and diseases. Correct. Because they are elements of a lifestyle, the conditions, such as obesity, or diseases are preventable.

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d. Medical research uses human subjects who are primarily middle aged, not children or older adults. Correct. Treatments for children and older adults are worse because the test subjects are middle aged.

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b. It confers the responsibility of taking care of yourself and the right to temporarily avoid certain obligations. Correct. This is the role a person assumes when he or she is sick.

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c. The rise is going to shareholders and increasing the drugmakers' profits at the expense of sick people. Correct. Conflict theorists would not believe that the profits are being used to benefit those who are sick.

Answer 256

b. From their employer Correct. Through a quirk of history, most Americans buy their health insurance through their employers.

Answer 257

a. It is worse than that of many core nations. Correct. Life expectancy and IMR both place the United States near the middle of all nations, below many core nations.

Answer 258

a. Which of a set of factors triggers a change in recycling behavior Correct. Symbolic interactionism is concerned with how people change their attitudes and behaviors.

Answer 259

a. The idea that the population is increasing past the point where it outstrips food production Correct. This was the worry that the natural world would be unable to feed the increasing population.

Answer 260

b. The healthcare system in the nineteenth century was less professional than it is now. Correct. One significant change in the health care system is the professionalization of health care over the twentieth century.

Answer 261

d. Drug addiction used to be considered a moral flaw, but is now treated with medication. Correct. A shift in thinking about the causes of drug addiction is an excellent example of the medicalization of a condition.

Answer 262

c. Pollution is the act of making aspects of the environment dirty or unsafe; climate change refers to the change in weather patterns due to the increasing temperature of the Earths' surface.

Answer 263

b. The people throughout the nation who use a certain app Correct. The people throughout the nation who use a certain app are a mass because they share a common interest.

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d. Nineteenth-century sociologists Correct. The shift from a conception of the crowd as "mad" to the crowd as "rational" happened over time. Now, sociologists believe that new social norms emerge in a crowd.

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d. Revolutionary Correct. Revolutionary movements want wholesale changes in society.

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a. Declining privilege theory Correct. The group blames immigrants because they see their social status declining.

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b. In a crowd Correct. Emergent norms explain the shift in norms that occurs during the collective behavior of a crowd.

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d. A changing social institution Correct. A changing social institution can cause social change, but it is not a social movement.

Answer 269

a. They are often organized through social media. Correct. Unlike older movements, new social movements are often organized through social media.

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b By increasing crop yields, the Green Revolution enabled more people to be fed, thereby avoiding mass starvation and social unrest. Feedback: The correct answer is B. The Green Revolution allowed an increase in food production which averted the overpopulation that would have led to starvation and social unrest.

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b Every Swedish resident's major healthcare costs are covered, and the Swedish system is decentralized with local communities providing the healthcare. Feedback: The correct answer is B. Although Swedish residents pay in part for their healthcare, it is significantly subsidized by the government, while local communities retain control over both the healthcare provided and the amount of money healthcare providers receive in compensation.

Answer 272

d Researchers found that Black children were more likely to receive a diagnosis of asthma than White children, even with the same symptoms. Feedback: The correct answer is D. Researchers found that the race of a child significantly affected whether he or she received a diagnosis of asthma, indicating that more than just disease symptoms were involved.

Answer 273

c relative deprivation theory Feedback: The correct answer is C. Relative deprivation theory holds that social movements occur when people notice that others seem to have more than they.

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d alternative Feedback: The correct answer is D. The anti-obesity movement seeks to alter one aspect of individuals' lives; therefore, it's alternative.

Answer 275

c educate people about the climate dangers and socialize them to change their behavior Feedback: The correct answer is C. Symbolic interactionists would advocate trying to change the way people think about the environment and interact with it.

Answer 276

a a couple lives with or near the parents of the wife Feedback: The correct answer is A. Matrilocal is the common practice that involves living with or near the wife's parents.

Answer 277

b the relationship between violence and social organization Feedback: The correct answer is B. Sociology is primarily focused on understanding the relationship between family violence and social organization, rather than examining the individual reasons for committing family violence.

Answer 278

c kinship Feedback: The correct answer is C. Kinship is connections among individuals that are established through ancestry, marriage, or adoption.

Answer 279

d denomination Feedback: The correct answer is D. A denomination in religion is an independent branch of a larger church with members who disagree with certain aspects of the church's teaching.

Answer 280

b rituals Feedback: The correct answer is B. Rituals are a set of actions performed mainly for their symbolic or religious value. Prayers and meditation are considered rituals.

Answer 281

b During a job interview, Clara mentions her love for a new play that has just opened in town. The CEO of the company interviewing her immediately feels a connection because he read a review of the play on his way to work. Feedback: The correct answer is B. Bourdieu's idea of cultural capital is the habits, tastes, behavior and dress that signal belonging to the upper class. This intangible "capital" signals belonging to others.