Unit 305 Flashcards
Patients who have anxiety may have a different experience to patients who do not during dental treatment. What are the reasons for this?
Low pain threshold
Perception of feeling pain
Fainting due to not eating prior because of naseua
What does lying supine mean?
Lying flat
What effect can dental treatment have on a patient with heart conditions?
Stressful episodes can occur
What effect can dental treatment have on a patient with Hypertension (High blood pressure)?
Anxiety = raised blood pressure putting strain on the heart
What effect can dental treatment have on a patient with liver or kidney disorders?
Medications/LA not working correctly - takes longer to kick in.
What effect can dental treatment have on a patient with Diabetes?
Heal poorly
Prone to infection
What effect can dental treatment have on a patient with Allergies?
Extra care taken, known allergens
What medications react with Local anaesthetic?
Antidepressants, contraception, thyroxine
What effect can dental treatment have on a patient who is undergoing long term steriod treatment?
Crash in blood pressure due to stress
How many hours of BLS CPD should be completed yearly?
3 hours
Where is the BLS CPD explained?
GDC standards for the dental team
What are the 2 things that should be checked/noted FIRST when assessing a casualty?
Warning signs and symptoms
What are the 2 signs that prompt BLS immediately
Unconsciousness
Abnormal breathing
What does Asystole mean?
Heart has stopped beating
What does fibrillating mean?
Heart is beating ineffectively
What does hypoxia mean?
lack of oxygen to the brain
Increased rate of respiration? Which is correct:
A. faster than 50 breaths per min
B. faster than 5 breaths per min
C. Slower than 20 breaths per min
D. faster than 20 breaths per min
D - rise and fall of chest
Increased heart rate? Which is correct:
A. Faster than 100 beats per min
B. Faster than 120 beats per min
C. Slower than 120 beats per min
A - take the pulse
Falling blood pressure? Which is correct:
A. Reading above 120mmHg
B. Reading below 110mmhg
C. Reading below 90mmhg
C - blood pressure machine
What is the average falling blood pressure?
120mmhg
Who was the ABCDE approach issued by?
The resuscitation council
What does ABCDE stand for in assessment?
A - airways
B - breathing
C- circulation
D- disability
E - exposure
What is the correct word for oxygen?
Atmospheric gas
What transports oxygen around the body?
Arterial bloodstream
What is the main aim of BLS?
Maintain the flow of oxygenated blood around the body.
What are the 3 vital organs?
Heart
brain
lungs
when a casualty is faced without oxygen, how many minutes will it take for death to occur?
3-4 minutes
Rescue breathing provides…
Oxygen to the lungs
External chest compressions allows….
circulation of oxygen to the body tissues
Lack of pupillary response indicates?
brain death
Current compression/ventilation algorithm is?
30:2
Heart has stopped beating…
cardiac arrest
Abnormal breathing may mean..
possible obstruction in the patients respiratory system.
What colour will the skin change to when the body tissues become starved of oxygen?
blue or grey
DRSABC stands for?
Danger - Look around
Response - verbal or non-verbal
Shout - help
Airways - any obstructions
Breathing - rise and fall 10 seconds
Circulation- compressions
DRSABC is used when assessing what type of situation?
emergency
Should privacy of the patient be maintained at all times?
YES
What is the log roll technique in BLS?
Rolling patient onto their back on a hard surface, keeping their head in line with their spine at all times.
Why is the log roll technique used?
to prevent further injury
What rate should the 30 chest compressions be given at and at what depth?
100 per minute
4-5cm
Percentages in relation to oxygen
Atmosphere 21%
Breathed out 16%
21-16 = 5% produce energy for cells to work
The difference of rescue breathing between babies and children
Babies - nose and mouth together
Children - pocket mask or ventillation bag
Mouth to mouth technique is given using what technique?
head tilt/ chin lift or jaw thrust
What sort of casualty are AED devices usually used on?
A patient who is experiencing fibrillation
What does the AED device do?
restart the heart
likelihood of survival depends on how early it is used.
What will the AED device say if the patient is not fibrillating?
NO SHOCK
What can prevent the effectiveness of the AED device?
Hairy chest- are able to proceed if razor is unavailable
Damp skin
Breast tissue
Poor contact between pads and skin
What is the main reason for a cardiac arrest in younger casualties?
Lack of oxygen to the brain due to airway obstruction
Signs that indicate a functioning circulatory system are:
Movement of patient
coughing, attempting to breath
change in skin colour (pink)
After emergency what infection policy should be followed?
Local infection control policy
Respiratory arrest…
when a patient is not breathing
What steps do you follow when a patient collapses?
secure airway
recovery position
How long is the first aid at work qualification valid for?
3 years
Meaning of a first aider
qaulified to give first aid treatment
what do the 3 P`s stand for?
Preserve - Life
Prevent - situation from worsening
Promote - recovery
can the causes of a collapse be life threatening?
YES
Examples of a cause of a patient collapsing?
All medical emergencies
What is a simple faint called?
Vasovagal syncope
What is the cause of a faint?
Reduction of oxygenated blood to the brain
Hypoxia
Signs and symptoms of a faint?
Signs- pale and clammy skin, weak pulse, loss of consciousness
Symptoms - dizziness, tunnel vision, nausea
Treatment for a faint?
Lay flat with legs raised above the head
Glucogel or dextrose tablet to restore blood sugar levels
Slow release carbohydrate e.g. biscuit
What is the reason behind a patient having an asthma attack?
Hypersensitivity condition that affects the respiratory airways.
Airways narrow due to inhaled particles and patient has difficulty breathing.
Signs and symptoms of an asthma attack
Signs - breathlessness (wheezing), cyanosis (lips blue), restlessness
Symptoms- Difficulty breathing, sensation of suffocating or drowning
Treatment for an asthma attack:
Salbutamol inhaler
Oxygen
What is anaphylaxis?
severe allergic reaction
Immune system over reacts to the allergen causing swelling + a fall in blood pressure HYPOTENSION
Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis:
Signs- rapid facial swelling, formation of rash, gasping, collapse
symptoms- sudden breathing difficulties that worsen, extreme tingling
Treatment for anaphylaxis
Call 999
Intramuscular adrenaline and oxygen
What is the reason behind an epileptic fit?
Prediagnosed condition, brief disruption of the normal electrical activity within the brain = fit.
Signs and symptoms of an epileptic fit:
signs- loss of consciousness, followed by tonic clonic seizure, poss incontinence becomes rigid
Symptoms- Altered mood “AURA”, dazed + sleepy on recovery, no memory of the fit
treatment for epileptic fit
Protect casualty from injury, if no recovery within 5 mins call 999
Midazolam buccal gel can be administered
What kind of medical history can a patient have who is having a hypoglycaemia and diabetic coma and why do they occur?
A prediagnosed diabetic
Has not took medication or ate at the correct time prior treatment
Signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia and diabetic coma:
signs- trembling, cold/clammy, become irritable, slurred speech, drowsy, appear drunk
symptoms- confusion, disorientated, blurred vision
treatment for hypoglycaemia and diabetic coma:
Conscious - glucogel tube
unconscious - intramuscular glucagon
What medical history causes angina?
A patient with prediagnosed coronary artery disease
Blood vessels supplying the heart are narrowed due to the presence of cholesterol or thrombus (blood clot)
chest pains ranging from indigestion - heart attack
signs + symptoms of angina:
signs- congested facial appearance, clutching chest/left arm, irregular pulse, shallow breathing.
symptoms - crushing chest pains, nausea, breathlessness
what does thrombus mean?
blood clot
treatment for angina
GTN spray - glyceryl trinitrate under tongue
Myocardial infarction
heart attack
clots may be dislodged and obstruct the blood vessel supplying the heart.
signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction:
signs- clutching of chest, grey colour, poss collapse
symptoms- crushing chest pain that isnt relieved by GTN spray
treatment for myocardial infarction:
call 999 urgently
aspirin tablet
The correct choking procedure
- ask if they are choking
- ask the patient to cough
- 5 back slaps
- 5 chest thrusts
- 5 abdominal thrusts
signs and symptoms of choking:
signs- coughing/wheezing, laboured breathing, inability to speak, blue lips.
symptoms - aware of obstruction, breathing difficulties, dizziness
STROKE
Cerebral infarction
A blood vessel supplying the brain becomes blocked by a clot formed within the vessel “thrombus”, or by a clot that travels elsewhere in the body “embolism”.
STROKE
Cerebral haemorrhage
A blood vessel supplying the brain begins to leak or ruptures causing haemorrhage on the skull - pressure on the brain.
What is a TIA?
mini stroke
temporary disruption of the blood supply to an area of the brain.
tends to ressolve in 24 hours.
signs and symptoms of a stroke:
signs- weakness of the face/limbs on one side of the body, difficulty in speaking, loss of balance/fall.
Symptoms- numbness of the face/limbs, sudden headache, confusion, diziness.
Action to take during a stroke…
F- face
A- arm
S- speech
T- time to call 999
What medical history will a patient have who is suffering with adrenal crisis.
Prediagnosed long term steriod treatments
reduces the bodies ability to produce their own natural steriods
Inability to enable fight or flight during stressful situations.
Fall in blood pressure leading to potential clinical shock
What will a patient carry who takes long term steriods?
Steriod warning card
Signs and symptoms of adrenal crisis:
signs- low blood pressure, fast heart rate, pale, vomitting.
symptoms- nausea, abdominal pain, lethargic, weak
Treatment during medical emergency adrenal crisis
Call 999
lay casualty flat
administer oxygen
Hyperglycemia is…
High blood sugar
Hypertension is….
High blood pressure
Hypoglycemia is….
Low blood sugar
Hypotension is…
Low blood pressure
If a casualty is unconcious what is the first thing you should check for before attempting BLS?
DNR
Is handover to specialist mandatory?
YES
what does Hypoxic relate to?
Body tissues
Which organisations believe it is important to have an AED on the premises?
Resusitation council
CQC
Should written records be kept regarding a medical emergency?
YES the whole event accurate record
Who will a practice be liable to if accurate records are not maintained during a medical emergency?
GDC
What does AVPU stand for?
Alert voice pain unresponsive
What is the percentage of oxygen we will give a patient when we artifcially respirate for them?
16%
80mmHg
