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Dental nurse exam revision > Unit 304 oral anatomy > Flashcards

Unit 304 oral anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

The whole mouth is lined with what tissue?

A

epithelial mucosal tissue

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2
Q

What is epithelial mucosal tissue a type of?

A

mucous membrane

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3
Q

What are the 3 ypes of mucous membrane throughout the oral cavity?

A
  • Lining membrane
    -masticatory membrane
    -specialised membrane
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4
Q

Where is the buccal sulcus located + what is it?

A

space between the posterior teeth and the mucous membrane lining the cheeks.

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5
Q

Where is the labial suclus located?

A

between the anterior teeth and lips

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6
Q

What makes the frenum?

A

band of fibrous tissues

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7
Q

When the band of fibrous tissues that makes the frenum is thicker what can it cause with the upper central incisors?

A

median diastema

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the lining membrane?

A

physical barrier between anything entering the mouth and the deep structures of the oral cavity.
Acts as a cushion lubrication + cleansing

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8
Q

Where is the lining membrane located and what does it look like?

A

inner surface of the cheeks and lips, floor of the mouth, underside of the tongue, soft palate
red + smooth and moist membrane
contains minor salivary glands

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8
Q

Where is the masticatory membrane located and what does it look like?

A

Covers gingivae, topside and edges of the tongue, hard palate
red, moist membrane often ridged or stippled
Forms the MUCOPERIOSTEUM

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the masticatory membrane?

A

hard wearing surface that prevents traumatic damage from food etc.

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10
Q

Where is the specialised membrane located and what does it look like?

A

interspersed throughout the masticatory membrane covering of the topside and edges of the tongue
discrete, papillary structures of the taste buds, visible pattern over the tongue.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the specialised membrane?

A

provides taste sensation

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12
Q

What is the soft palate?

A

a flap of soft tissue attached to the back of the hard palate.

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13
Q

What is the soft palates function?

A

seal off the oral cavity from the nasal cavity during swallowing

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14
Q

What is the uvula?

A

central prolongation
part of the soft palate

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15
Q

What is the oropharynx?

A

back of the mouth - contains your tonsils

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16
Q

What is the tongue?

A

a muscular organ situated in the oral cavity and extending behind into the throat

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17
Q

What is the base of the tongue?

A

posterior 1/3 section
lies in the throat and attaches to the floor of the mouth
swallowing movements

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18
Q

The correct word for swallowing:

A

deglutition

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19
Q

What is the body of the tongue?

A

anterior 2/3
lie within the oral cavity and is relatively moveable
taste, chewing, speech

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20
Q

What enables the tongue to attach to the floor of the mouth?

A

lingual frenum

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21
Q

When there are access fibrous tissues of the lingual frenum, what may the patient face?

A

tongue tied - lisp is created

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22
Q

What cranial nerve supplies the tongue?

A

12th cranial nerve
hypoglossal nerve

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23
Q

What is the bolus?

A

food that has been chewed and mixed in the mouth with saliva

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24
Q

What is the function of swallowing?

A

Aims to direct the food bolus into the oesophagus while preventing it from entering the nasal cavity or larynx

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25
Q

What is glossitis?
Disorder of the tongue

A

Soreness/inflammation of the tongue and can occur in conditions such as anaemia, vitamin b deficiency and hormal disturbances.
Thin, smooth, glazed appearance

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26
Q

What is dysphagia?
Disorder of the tongue

A

difficulty in swallowing, that occurs frequently and has several causes.
Psychological, xerostomia, oesophagitis, cancers, central nervous system.

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27
Q

What does oesophagitis mean?

A

inflammation of the oesophagus, due to acid reflux

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28
Q

What are teeth?

A

anatomical structures within the oral cavity

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29
Q

How many sets of teeth do humans have?

A

2
deciduous
permanent

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30
Q

What does tooth morphology mean?

A

The shape of each tooth and its function

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31
Q

What tooth is not present in the primary dentition?

A

pre-molars

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32
Q

What is the crown of the tooth?

A

section of tooth visible in the oral cavity

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33
Q

What is the neck of the tooth?

A

where the tooth and gingival tissues are in contact with each other, when tooth emerges through the gum.

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34
Q

What is the root of the tooth?

A

the non-visible section that holds the tooth in its bony socket.

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35
Q

What is enamel?

A

Highly calcified protective outer covering of the crown, hardest substance in the body.
96% mineral crystals that are arranged as prisms in the organic matrix called interprismatic substance.

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36
Q

What are the mineral crystals called that make up enamel?

A

calcium hydroxyapatite

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37
Q

The junction that lies between the enamel and dentine is called?

A

the amelodentinal junction ADJ

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38
Q

How is enamel formed prior eruption?

A

ameloblast cells

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39
Q

What is dentine?

A

tissue forms the main bulk of a tooth and occupies the interior of the crown and root.
80% mineral crystals
Composed of hollow tubes

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40
Q

Where do odontoblast cells lie after tooth eruption?

A

inner edge of the pulp chamber

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41
Q

The hollow tubes in dentine contain sensory nerve endings called..

A

fibrils - run from the nerve tissue within the pulp chamber

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42
Q

What is cementum?

A

calcified protective outer covering of the root and is similar in structure to bone.
65% mineralised with calcium hydroxypatite crystals
formed by cells called cementoblasts

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43
Q

What is the point called where the cementum and the root dentine are in contact with each other?

A

dentinocemental junction

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44
Q

does the cementum contain any nerves or blood vessels?

A

NO

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45
Q

Does the pulp contain any mineral cystals?

A

No

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46
Q

What is the pulp composed of?

A

soft tissue

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47
Q

Where is the coronal pulp located?

A

crown

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48
Q

where is the radicular pulp located?

A

each root

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49
Q

What is the radicular pulp usually called?

A

root canal of the tooth

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50
Q

The sensory nerves in the pulp are part of what cranial nerve?

A

5th
trigeminal nerve

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51
Q

Where do the pulp tissues pass through to enter the tooth?

A

apical foramen

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52
Q

The pulp chamber is lined by what?

A

odontoblast cells

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53
Q

What can the pulp chamber become blocked by?

A

Pulp stones - formed by lumps of calcium containing crystals

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54
Q

How can we tell which tooth a tooth is?

A

shape, size, number of cusps, number of roots.

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55
Q

What does curvature of the root help to identify?

A

whether a tooth is from the left or right side of the dental arch

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56
Q

What is the correct name for the natural loss of deciduous teeth?

A

exfoliation

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57
Q

How many teeth are in a set of deciduous teeth?

A

20

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58
Q

Deciduous roots are described as…

A

divergent

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59
Q

Do deciduous teeth have a larger pulp chamber than permanent?

A

yes

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60
Q

What makes deciduous teeth more prone to developing dental caries?

A

thinner enamel

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61
Q

When do deciduous teeth begin erupting and finish?

A

6 months
29 months

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62
Q

How many roots do deciduous upper molars have?

A

3

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63
Q

How many roots do deciduous lower molars have

A

2

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64
Q

How many teeth are in a set of permanent teeth?

A

32

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65
Q

what is the difference between permanent and deciduous teeth?

A

permanent teeth are larger in size and darker - smaller pulp chamber

66
Q

When the deciduous molar teeth fall out what are they replaced with?

A

pre-molar teeth

67
Q

When do permanent teeth begin erupting and when do they usually finish?

A

6 years old - 13 years old except for 3rd molars

68
Q

When do the third molars begin to erupt?

A

18-25 years old

69
Q

Upper molar- 3 roots arranged as a tripod and the canals are called:

A

palatal, mesiobuccal, distobuccal

70
Q

Lower molar- 2 roots and the canals are called:

A

mesial and distal

71
Q

Upper first pre-molar - 2 roots, and the canals are called:

A

buccal and palatal

72
Q

After a permanent tooth has erupted how long does it take for root growth to be complete and the apex to close?

A

3 years

73
Q

Labial surface:

A

adjacent to lips, relates to incisor and canine teeth both arches

74
Q

Buccal surface:

A

adjacent to the buccinator muscle of the cheeks, both arches pre-molars and molars

75
Q

Palatal surface:

A

adjacent to the palate, applies to upper teeth

76
Q

Lingual surface:

A

adjacent to the tongue, applies to lower teeth

77
Q

mesial surface:

A

mesial = forward (midline)

78
Q

distal surface:

A

distal = backwards (furthest from the midline)

79
Q

contact point:

A

mesial and distal surfaces are in contact with each other

80
Q

incisal surface:

A

biting edge of anterior tooth - incisors (not canines have a cusp not an edge) both arches

81
Q

occlusal surface:

A

biting surface of posterior teeth, both arches pre-molars, molars

82
Q

Cervical surface:

A

the neck region of any tooth, buccal, labial, palatal, lingual surface

83
Q

in the primary dentition there are how many teeth in each quadrant of the mouth?

A

5

84
Q

in the secondary dentition there are how many teeth in each quadrant of the mouth?

A

8

85
Q

Central incisors

A

chisel shaped
1 root
U1 is the largest of all incisors
palatal or lingual surface has a raised area called the cingulum

86
Q

what tooth is the smallest?

A

lower central incisor

87
Q

What are the functions of central incisors?

A
  • cut food
    -assist tongue and lips
88
Q

Lateral incisors

A

narrow chisel shaped
1 root
- peg laterals

89
Q

What tooth can sometimes have a second (lingual) root canal if the root has split into two?

A

Lower lateral incisor

90
Q

Canine

A

corner of each dental quadrant
1 root
root apex sometimes curved

91
Q

what tooth is the longest?

A

canine

92
Q

what are the functions of a canine?

A

pierce food/tear, support oral soft tissues, provide guidance for normal occlusion

93
Q

First pre-molar

A

permanent successors to the deciduous first molars
occlusal surface 2 cusps buccally n palataly or buccally n lingually
mesial and distal edges are raised into “marginal ridges”
Upper 2 roots
Lower 1 root

94
Q

Which teeth are usually extracted for orthodontic reasons?

A

Pre-molars

95
Q

What is the canine fossa?

A

concarvity between the roots mesially

96
Q

Functions of a first pre-molar:

A

assist canine to pierce and tear food - cusps
assist molars to grind food - occlusal surface
maintain shape of mouth

97
Q

Second pre-molar

A

Occlusal surface 2 cusps buccally n palataly (upper) or buccally n lingually(lower)
Upper slightly SMALLER than first premolar, lower slightly LARGER
1 ROOT - apex sometimes curves distally

98
Q

With a upper second pre-molar what area can they lie close to?

A

floor of the maxillary antrum

99
Q

First molar

A

upper cusps = 4 (2 buccally n 2 palatally)
Lower cusps = 5 (3 buccal n 2 lingual)
CUSP OF CARABELLI Upper first molar
Upper 3 roots
Lower 2 roots

100
Q

Where is the cusp of carabelli?

A

Upper first molar

101
Q

What is the furcation area?

A

Junction of the roots beneath the crown

102
Q

Function of the first molar:

A

grind and masticate food chunks so that they can be swallowed.

103
Q

In regards to upper first molars where can there root apices lie close to or penetrate?

A

floor of the maxillary antrum

104
Q

Second molar

A

Crown of upper and lower is smaller than first molar
upper and lower = 4 cusps 2 buccal 2 palatal/lingual
Upper 3 roots
Lower 2 roots
Same function as first molar

105
Q

Third molar

A

Referred to as wisdom teeth - not always present
3-4 cusps with marginal ridges present
Upper 3 roots
Lower 2 roots

106
Q

Where is the midline?

A

mesial edges of upper and lower central incisors form one straight vertical line.

107
Q

Supporting structures of the teeth are called…

A

periodontium

108
Q

Alveolar bone

A

specialised bone found only in the JAWS
support the teeth
individual socket for each tooth

109
Q

What is the inner layer of bone called within the alveolar bone?

A

compact bone

110
Q

What is the outer layer of bone called within the alveolar bone?

A

compound bone

111
Q

What is the outer surface of bone called within the alveolar bone?

A

lamina dura

112
Q

What colour does the lamina dura show up on an xray?

A

white lining

113
Q

What is alveolar mucosa?

A

covers the outer surface of alevolar bone that forms the gingivae around the necks of teeth.

114
Q

Gingiva is the anatomical term for what?

A

gums

115
Q

What is gingiva?

A

continuous layer of specialised epithelium found only in the oral cavity, is firmly attached to the underlying alveolar bone as a mucoperiosteal layer.

116
Q

Attached gingiva:

A

covering the majority of the alveolar process, firmly attached to the underlying bone as the mucoperiosteum

117
Q

Marginal gingiva:

A

forming the gingival margin of the teeth
free from the underlying bone and follows the shape of each toop and extends between teeth in contact areas = free gingival groove

118
Q

Junctional tissues:

A

specialised gingival tissue lying within the gingival crevice and forms the anatomical junction between teeth and the oral epithelium the point is called= junctional attachment and the tissues are called = junctional epithelium

119
Q

The junctional attachment within the gingiva is the area where what diseases develop?

A

periodontal disease and tooth loss

120
Q

what part of the gingiva provides a mechanical barrier between the oral cavity and the deeper periodontal tissues, preventing micro-organisms from gaining entry and causing disease?

A

Junctional attachment

121
Q

What does the gingival crevice exist as?

A

shallow space of less than 3mm between the tooth surface and the gingival margin

122
Q

What is the interdental papilla?

A

gingival tissue that occurs between each tooth

123
Q

What is the correct term when gingiva overgrows due to medication etc?

A

Hyperplastic

124
Q

What is the periodontal ligament?

A

specialised fibrous tissues which attach the teeth to the alveolar bone and surrounding gingivae.
- acts as a shock absorber to teeth during chewing

125
Q

Fibres in the periodontal ligament are made up of what?

A

protein - collagen

126
Q

Alveolar crest fibres:

A

run from the alveolar bone crest to the cementum
prevent tooth movements in and out of the socket
tilting and rotation

127
Q

Horizontal fibres:

A

horizontally from the alveolar bone to the cementum, below the crest fibres
tilting and rotation

128
Q

oblique fibres:

A

an angle from the alveolar bone down to the cementum
intrusion and rotation of the tooth

129
Q

Apical fibres:

A

at the root apex and run between the bone and cementum
extrusion and rotation of tooth

130
Q

transseptal fibres:

A

between cementum of adjacent teeth through the interdental region
maintain gingival attachments between the teeth and their positions

131
Q

free gingival fibres:

A

cervical cementum into the gingival papillae
maintain gingival cuff around each tooth

132
Q

What is proprioception?

A

the ability of the tooth to detect and transmit sensations (pressure, pain, touch, temperature etc)

133
Q

What is the main function of the salivary glands?

A

to produce saliva

134
Q

what are exocrine glands?

A

salivary glands in the oral cavity

135
Q

what are endocrine glands?

A

structures elsewhere in the body
secretions pass directly into the adjacent blood vessels

136
Q

What are ducts?

A

transport saliva to the oral cavity
tube-like structures

137
Q

Parotid gland:

A

located between the ramus of the mandible and the area and deep to the muscles in that area.

138
Q

Which gland is affected by the viral infection Mumps (paramyxovirus)?

A

parotid gland

139
Q

Which duct is connected to the parotid gland?

A

stenson duct

140
Q

which cranial nerve is the parotid gland associated with?

A

glossopharyngeal 9TH

141
Q

which salivary gland is most commonly associated with benign and malignant tumours?

A

parotid gland

142
Q

submandibular gland:

A

located in the posterior area of the floor of the mouth beneath the mylohyoid muscle

143
Q

Which duct is connected to the submandibular gland?

A

wharton duct

144
Q

which salivary duct is the longest and most likely to become blocked by salivary stones?

A

wharton duct - submandibular gland

145
Q

which cranial nerve is linked with the submandibular gland?

A

facial nerve - 7th

146
Q

What is the correct word for salivary stones?

A

calculi

147
Q

sublingual gland:

A

located in the anterior area of the floor of the mouth above the mylohyoid muscle

148
Q

which cranial nerve is linked with the sublingual gland?

A

facial nerve - 7th

149
Q

What is the sublingual duct?

A

the duct of bartholine
several sublingual ducts

150
Q

Mucous secretory cells:

A

produce a thick, mucus like secretion which aids lubrication in the oral cavity, contains minterals and enzymes

151
Q

serous secretory cells:

A

produce a thin, serum like secretion containing antibodies and electrolytes

152
Q

What are leucocytes?

A

white blood cells - fight against infection/disease

153
Q

what is salivary amylase?

A

digestive enzyme that begins starch digestion before food is swallowed.

154
Q

What are antibodies?

A

immunoglobulins (IgA)- fight infections

155
Q

What kind of saliva will patients produce if they are high risk of caries?

A

water saliva with a low mineral content

156
Q

What kind of saliva will patients produce if they are high risk of calculus development?

A

high mineral thick saliva

157
Q

How is saliva slightly alkaline?

A

because of its electrolyte components

158
Q

saliva keeps the PH at a neutral level of?

A

7

159
Q

What is the reason behind xerostomia (dry mouth)?

A

decreased production of saliva

160
Q

what are the 3 common causes of xerostomia?

A

irradiation - cancer treatment
medications - affect nerve supply to the salivary glands
sjogrens syndrome - rheumatoid arthritis, bodys defence system attacks itself and destroys its own glandular tissues

161
Q

Reducation in saliva could have what consequences on the patient within dentistry?

A

caries, oral infections, oral soft tissue trauma, problems with speech, swallowing, chewing, poor taste sensation

162
Q

What can help increase the salivary flow for patients with xerostomia other than changing medication?

A

salivary stimulants and artifical salivary sprays
plain water constantly
high fluoride toothpaste perscribed

163
Q

What is ptyalism?

A

excessive salivation
system associated with an underlying disease rather than its own disorder.

164
Q

What disorders can cause ptyalism?

A

periodontal disease
oral soft tissue injury/trauma
oesphagitis (acid reflux)
disorders that affect the nervous system such as parkinsons

165
Q

What drug can be used during oral/maxillofacial surgery to reduce saliva flow and provide a clear dry operating field?

A

Atropine

Dental nurse exam revision (13 decks)

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