Unit 301 and Microbiology and pathology Flashcards
Preparing for practice means
Expected level of skills and knowledge of each registrant group upon qualification
Scope of practice
Additional skills after qualification
Who is the regulatory body of the dental profession?
GDC
What act does the duty of care requirement come under?
Health and safety at work act
What is the duty of care?
Responsibility of the employer to ensure all legislations and regulations are followed within the practice.
All staff have a duty of care to their patients
Student professionalism and fitness to practice implies..
Professional behaviour of all students
What are the qualities required to be fit to practice as a GDC registrant?
Personal skills, acceptable attitudes and behaviours, qualifications.
What is a bacteria?
Microscopic single cell organisms that survive as inactive spores when conditions are not favorable for them to grow and reproduce
What is a virus?
ultramicroscopic organisms that live within cells of other organisms
What is fungi?
types of microscopic plant organism that grows across cells and tissues as an extensive branching network of fungal tissue.
What are prions?
type of special infectious protein that is capable of causing disease
Does the micro-organism protozoa cause any diseases within the oral cavity?
No
how do we maintain sterilisation/decontamination with Patients who have CJD (prion)?
single use items
manufacturing stage, industrial sterilisation technique - gamma rays
What is the cocci bacteria?
circular micro-organism
colonies living in clusters are = staphylococci
Living in chains = streptococci
What is the bacilli bacteria?
rod shaped with pointed ends
round ended ones = lactobacilli
What is the spirochaetes bacteria?
spiral shaped - helix
Bacteria survives as what?
spores
What are anaerobic bacteria?
bacteria that exists in areas of low oxygen levels
e.g. deep within carious lesion or a periodontal pocket.
more difficult to reach and remove physically
Why are antibiotics taken?
to fight against infection by bacteria
What are bactericidal agents?
chemicals used to clean externally (disinfectants)
kill bacteria
What are bacteriostatic agents?
chemicals used to clean externally but do not kill bacteria
prevent them reproducing and multiplying
What does a virus exist as within the cells of other organisms?
protein capsule
contains all the chemicals a virus needs to reproduce within the cells of its host.
What does the bacteria streptococcus mutans cause?
dental caries
What does the bacteria lactobacillus cause?
later colonisation of an established carious lesion
deeper the tooth tissues become INFECTED
What does the bacteria actinomyces cause?
periodontal disease
What does the bacteria staphylococci cause?
skin boils and gingival boils, impetigo
What does the bacteria`s bacillus fusiformis and borrelia vincentii cause?
ANUG
Candida albicans is a type of what micro-organism?
Fungi
Denture stomatitis is caused by?
candida albicans
What does hyphae mean?
Fungi grow as an extensive network of branches lying across the body tissues.
What is the correct name for oral thrush?
acute oral candidosis
What is the correct name for denture stomatitis?
chronic oral candidosis
What is angular cheilitis?
candida infection that involves the angles of the mouth
localised area of inflamed and cracked skin which is often crusted over.
What patients tend to suffer with acute oral candidosis?
generally ill, elderly, those with serious diseases e.g. AIDS
course of antibiotics
What does acute oral candidosis look like?
white film with underlying red sore patches
What causes chronic oral candidosis?
poor hygiene with appliance (denture), raised moisture levels beneath the appliance
What virus is linked to oral cancer?
Human papillomavirus HPV
What is the virus that causes chicken pox?
Herpes varicella
What does the epstein barr virus cause?
glandular fever
What virus causes mumps?
paramyxovirus
What are fungal infections treated with?
antifungal agents
systemic tablets, oral gels, oral solutions
What is glossitis inflammation of?
tongue
red and smooth and sore
Who does burning mouth syndrome tend to affect?
elderly women
What disease is associated with coxsackievirus?
hand, foot and mouth disease
What are minor aphthous ulcers?
small, shallow, painful ulcers
heal within 14 days
What are major aphthous ulcers?
large, painful ulcers
take weeks to months to heal
cause scaring
What are herpetiform aphthous ulcers?
very small, multiple ulcers
can occur 100 at a time
Lichen planus is?
rash that can affect different parts of your body and the inside of your mouth.
Are malignant ulcers painful (squamous cell carcinoma)?
NO
do not heal within 2-3 weeks
What is leukoplakia?
a white patch that has no obvious local cause
What is erythroplakia?
a red patch on the oral mucosa
What is a dentigerous cyst?
develops around an impacted or unerupted tooth
What is a periapical cyst?
develops around the tooth apex
What is a mucocele?
Trauma to minor salivary glands causing a cyst
lower lip
What are the 3 inherited condition or genetic mutation that produce an illness or condition that is present at birth?
- cleft lip or palate
- congenital absence of some teeth (hypodontia)
- defect of tooth formation e.g. amelogeneisis imperfecta
What is direct entry?
the bacteria enters through damaged skin or oral epithelium from cuts etc.
What are the 5 signs of inflammation?
heat
swelling
redness
pain
loss of function
During tissue repair (e.g. after a cut), what is the temporary layer of repair cells called?
granulation tissue
What are antigens?
toxic or foreign substance in the body that induces immune response
What does our body release during immune response?
antibodies and antitoxins
What does natural immunity mean?
present from birth
What does passive immunity mean?
present from birth, inherited by MUM
What does acquired immunity mean?
Prevent reoccurrence of the same infection
creation of antibodies and antitoxins during a pathogen attack
What does inherited immunity mean?
present from birth, inherited mum and dad
What does vaccination immunity mean?
given a harmless dose of a pathogen, stimulate the leucocytes to develop the antibodies and antitoxins
What does mutation mean?
where a pathogen (virus) changes their chemical make up and produce a new variation of a disease.
What is the reason behind contact dermatitis amongst members of staff?
increased use of hand cleaning agents in the workplace
What is pericoronitis?
acute bacterial infection of the soft tissues (operculum)
third molars
What is cellulitis?
bacterial infection spreading from a tooth into the surrounding deep soft tissue structures.
What are the known risk factors for oral cancer?
tobacco habits, alcohol, sunlight, diet, genetics.
During checkups, checking for oral cancer or referring is in line with what guidelines?
NICE
In line with smoking cessation, what are the 3 A`s?
ask, advise, act
In regards to alcohol what is the average unit per week for women and men?
14 units
What does halitosis stand for?
bad breath
What is condition does herpes zoster cause?
shingles
What antibiotic is not recommended for dento-alveolar infections?
clindamycin
What is a specialist mouthwash called that can be given to patients suffering from pericrontitis?
peroxyl
What are antivirals (medication) used for?
used specifically against infections caused by a virus
What are antifungal (medication) used for?
against fungal infections
fluconazole 50mg
nystatin - oral suspension
amphotericin - 10mg
miconazole - oral gel
What are analgesics (medication) used for?
used to primarily relieve pain
paracetamol and ibuprofen and aspirin
What can paracetamol cause if the recommended dose is exceeded?
liver damage
What can ibuprofen cause if the recommended dose is exceeded?
stomach ulcers
How many principles does the GDC standards for the dental team have?
9
Dental nurses are expected to familiarise themselves with the standards for the dental team by the time they begin their…
formal training
What is the reason behind the GDC standards of the dental team?
patient expectations of the dental professionals they come into contact with during their treatment.
When the word MUST is used the duty is..
compulsory
When the word SHOULD is used the duty…
may not apply in all situations and that an alternative action may be appropriate
Principle 1: Put a patient’s interest first implies what?
duty of care and safeguarding
treatment options (best interest), tone of voice/body language
ethical advertising - social media
Principle 2: communicate effectively with patients implies what?
communication skills and duty of candour
communicate effectively, treatment options, risks, benefits and costs.
Principle 3: Obtain valid consent implies what?
valid consent
written consent, treatment estimates signed.
Principle 4: maintain and protect patients information what?
confidentiality, data security and protection
GDPR - patients can have access to their own notes, and ONLY a third party (legal) with the patients agreement.
Principle 5: have a clear and effective complaints procedure implies what?
complaints and improving performance
respond in writing, correct time scale
Principle 6: work with colleagues in a way that is in the patient’s best interest implies what?
team working
appropriately trained and competent
good leadership, shared aims, understanding of roles and responsibilities.
Principle 7: maintain, develop and work within your professional knowledge and skills implies what?
continuing professional development, lifelong learning using PDP, scope of practice
Knowledge and skills are kept to date at all times.
CPD activities
Principle 8: raise concerns if patients are at risk implies what?
safeguarding, raising concerns, whistleblowing
welfare of someone is at risk by the acts of a dental professional.
Principle 9: Make sure your own personal behaviour maintains patients confidence in you and the dental profession implies what?
professionalism
inside and outside of work
What does a holistic approach mean?
you must take into account a patient’s overall health
What third party can you give a patients notes/information to without their knowledge?
court order
statutory duty
Who should a practice request guidance from in regards to patients access to their own records?
information commissioner’s office
What procedure is followed in regards to complaints?
written complaints procedure
If a patient or member of staff is at risk from another staff member, who is the local health commissioner should be informed?
CQC
Why is good communication necessary?
Put the patient at ease, allow the team to provide the best care, assist the team.
Additional resources that may be required for some patients (communication):
Interpreter
carer, family member - elderly with dementia
hearing induction loop
What does communicating mean?
to give or exchange information - verbally, non-verbally.
Examples of good communication:
talking, written explanations, information leaflets/posters, body language, eye contact, facial expression, body position, touching.
What are the 3 principles of gaining consent:
informed, voluntary, ability
What is informed consent?
patient is given full information about the treatment - to be able to make an informed decision.
What is specific consent?
consent gained for each stage of treatment
What is valid consent?
informed, specific, given by the parent/guardian
The patient must be deemed COMPETENT, and to have the MENTAL CAPACITY to show they have a full understanding of the situation (consent).
Gillick competence is..
Children under the age of 16 are able to give informed consent for their own treatment - if they are competent.
Examples of conditions that may cause incapacity for adults:
stroke, brain damage, dementia, learning difficulties, drugs/alcohol
What does the lasting power of attorney relate to (LPA)?
scotland: WPA
Appointed attorneys that have a duty of care to always act in the best interests of the patient.
make decisions for an incompetent patient
What does contemporaneous mean?
dental records are kept up to date.
patients can access their dental records by submitting what?
written request
What is the data protection act 1998?
governs how public bodies may handle and process personal data such as health records.
Who does the access to health records act 1990 imply with?
health records of a deceased patient.
Recall arrangements are in line with which guidelines?
NICE
adequate records should be retained for 11 years after completion of treatment (adults)
or to the age of 25 years old (children)
Date protection act
Medical history should be FULLY updated at what appointments?
every recall appointment
examination
details of any current medications/ non prescription can be checked in the..
BNF
Form FP25 is for:
standard chart
recording patients visit, treatments etc
Form FP17 is for:
given to the patient, treatment estimate, NHS charges, dental estimates
Form FP10D is for:
prescriptions
What is the confidentiality of patient records act in Scotland?
freedom of information Act 2000
NHS regulations require dental records to be retained for how long?
2 years
A patient request for their own records must be made in writing, how long should the dentist respond to this request?
within 1 month of the request (40 days)
The information commissioners office produce the invaluable guidance document GDPR , how many steps does this include?
12
What is the current legislation in regards to complaints in England?
local authority social services and national health service complaints regulations 2009
Complaints should be resolved in house without the need for other authorities such as:
primary care organisation (PCO)
OR GDC
List the complaints procedure:
responsibility - responsible person
acknowledgement - few working days (48 hours)
Investigation
Timescale
report - written
Appeal
Records
During the appeal stage of the complaints procedure, who can the patient appeal to?
NHS commissioning body, PCO
NHS - health service ombudsman
private - dental complaints service
