Unit 3 Vocab Flashcards
civil liberties
the personal guarantees and freedoms that the government cannot abridge
civil rights
rights that are protected by the government against discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals
Bill of Rights
First 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution
Example of civil liberties
Bill of Rights
example of civil rights
right to fair trial, right to vote
importance of Bill of Rights
Largely guarantees specific rights and liberties
establishment clause
Directs the national government not to sanction an official religion
importance of establishment clause
Government should not prioritize or be biased towards one religion over another
free exercise clause
second clause of first amendment
importance of free exercise clause
prohibited the U.S. government from interfering with a citizen’s right to practice his or her religion
symbolic speech
symbols, signs, and other methods of expression
example of symbolic speech
wearing armbands, such as in Tinker v. Des Moines
prior restraint
a government action that prohibits materials from being published
example of prior restraint
FTC and FCC regulates commercial speech and public airwaves
incorporation doctrine
doctrine that defined the belief that some personal rights/liberties were so important that they needed extra protection from the government
importance of incorporation doctrine
limited government regulations regarding civil rights and liberties
selective incorporation
gradual application of the Bill of Rights to the states
example of selective incorporation
McDonald v. Chicago, Second Amendment was incorporated to the states
due process clause
guarantees that the government cannot take a person’s basic rights to “life, liberty, or property, without due process of law”
example of due process clause
states must prove that their laws constituted a valid exercise of their power to regulate the overall wellbeing of citizens
Miranda Rights
must be read to the person detained by a police officer that lists the issue at hand
importance of Miranda Rights
forbids self-incrimination
Ninth Amendment
People get rights even if they are not listed in the Constitution
Importance of Ninth Amendment
Makes it clear that other rights exists, not only those listed in the Constitution or Bill of Rights
Tenth Amendment
States and the people get rights not explicitly mentioned in the Constution
Importance of Tenth Amendment
makes it clear that institutions of the federal government exercise only limited and enumerated powers
Fourteenth Amendment
established equal treatment of all citizens, also apart of the reconstruction amendments. All of those born in the U.S. are considered citizens.
example of Fourteenth Amendment
former African American slaves that were born in the U.S. were granted citizenship after the amendment was added
equal protection clause
prohibits states from denying to any person, within its jurisdiction, equal protection of the laws
importance of equal protection clause
combats discrimination and ensures due process
separate-but-equal doctrine
Doctrine that resulted from the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, claiming that if both facilities are equal, they could be separate
Example of separate-but-equal doctrine
Resulting from the doctrine was separated waiting rooms, restrooms, water fountains, etc. based off of race
suffrage
the right to vote, and suffrage movement was about advocating for women’s voting rights
Example of suffrage
Nineteenth Amendment established that voting ability would not be based upon gender
exclusionary rule
prevents the government from using evidence that is found in violation of the Constitution
Example of exclusionary rule
in Mapp v. Ohio the court ruled that evidence that was illegally acquired violated the Fourth Amendment
civil rights act of 1964
prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, etc.
importance of civil rights act
Overturned the decision made in Plessy v. Ferguson, outlawede segregation that was inherently unequal
voting rights of 1965
prohibited racial discrimination in voting
importance of voting rights act
prohibited states from using literacy tests and other methods that excluded certain groups from voting
title IX (1972)
prohibits discrimination based on sex in education programs
example of title IX
sex-based discrimination in a schools STEM courses and programs
affirmative action
policies that give special attention to those that belong to a previously disadvantaged group
example of affirmative action
outreach campaigns, grants/scholarships
due process
protecting fundamental rights
