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Geography - A Level > Unit 3 - Topic 1, Energy Security > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Topic 1, Energy Security Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Energy Security

A

Means to have access to reliable and affordable energy sources e.g. Russia - countries that do not have this and are therefore energy deficient are energy insecure

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2
Q

What are the important factors in achieving energy security?

A
  • Control over supplies
  • Control over prices
  • Having a variety of energy sources to call on
  • Political stability (in supply region as well as demand region)
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3
Q

Define non-renewable energy/finite energy

A

A non-renewable resource is a resource of economic value that cannot be readily replaced by natural means on a level equal to its consumption. The demand outstrips the supply. - e.g. fossil fuels

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4
Q

Define Fossil Fuels

A

A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms - they will eventually run out due to them being non-renewable

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5
Q

Define Resource Depletion

A

Is the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished

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6
Q

Define Renewable Energy

A

Energy from a source that is not depleted when used e.g. wind or solar power

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7
Q

Define Flow Resources

A

Renewables which do not need regeneration as these resources are constant supply - recyclable energy

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8
Q

Define Energy Mix

A

To meet its energy needs, each country uses the energy available to it, in different proportions - this is known as an energy mix. - Fossil fuels account for 80% of the energy mix

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9
Q

Define Recyclable Energy

A

Can be used repeatedly, if managed carefully e.g. biomass, nuclear

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10
Q

In what year did coal production drop drastically in the UK?

A

Since 1913

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11
Q

Which countries imports undercut energy prices in the UK?

A

America and Australian imports

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12
Q

In what year did oil production take off in the UK?

A

1970s

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13
Q

In 1985, how many barrels of oil were being extracted from the North Sea, by the UK each day?

A

2.5 million

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14
Q

What percentage of the UK’s energy needs is oil?

A

35%

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15
Q

What year did the UK discover gas?

A

1990s

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16
Q

In what year did Britain become a net importer of gas?

A

2004

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17
Q

By 2020, gas imports will account for what percentage of consumption?

A

80%

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18
Q

What year did the UK become the world leader in nuclear technology?

A

1990s

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19
Q

What energy source did the UK used to mostly rely on?

A

Coal - the use of coal consumption has reduced overtime

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20
Q

What energy source do the UK depend on?

A

They depend on imported gas through vulnerable pipelines - Russia supplies 30% of EU gas. When North Sea production started to decline the UK became a net importer of Gas in 2004. (Used to rely on oil but now rely on gas)

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21
Q

What wind speeds do wind turbines require to produce energy?

A

8-25 mph

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22
Q

What areas do solar panels work best in?

A

Works best in areas of over 6 kwh per square metre per day

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23
Q

Define Energy Poverty

A

Lack of access to energy resources in the developing world - they often rely on fuel wood, farm waste and dung as their fossil fuel consumption is low

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24
Q

What percentage of the world rely on fuel wood, farm waste and dung as their energy sources?

A

40%

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25
Q

By 2030, China will import as much oil as what country?

A

America

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26
Q

China need their energy so they don’t mind making deals with what countries?

A

Iran, Burma and Venezuela

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27
Q

What is China’s economy based on?

A

Manufacturing - China are more energy hungry

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28
Q

What is India’s economy based on?

A

More service-based

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29
Q

China and India’s net oil imports are expected to jump to what number per day in 2030?

A

19.1 million barrels a day - Up from 5.4 million barrels in 2006

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30
Q

By 2030, what is global oil demand expected to reach?

A

116 million barrels a day

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31
Q

What percentage is the use of coal expected to jump to in the next 25 years?

A

73% - due to the rise in oil and gas prices

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32
Q

What energy source do Japan mostly rely on?

A

Natural Gas

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33
Q

What energy source do China mostly rely on?

A

Coal

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34
Q

Define Energy Pathways

A

The flows of energy from producer to consumer are the pathways. Pathways take the form of gas and oil pipelines, the sea route of tankers carrying oil and gas, and electricity power lines

35
Q

How many oil and gas barrels does the Middle East export per day?

A

15,000 barrels

36
Q

What countries does the Middle East tend to export too?

A

Japan, Europe and China

37
Q

What are some of the main reasons why pathways can become disrupted?

A
  • Price and payment disputes
  • Piracy e.g. of the Somalian coast
  • Subsidence under pipelines
  • Terrorism or conflict
  • Political discord between supplier and consumer
  • Diversion of supply
  • Technical interruption to production
  • Producers supply simply runs out
  • Natural disasters e.g. Hurricane Katrina
38
Q

Define Geopolitics

A

Is the study of the ways in which political decisions and processes affect the way resources and space are used. Its the combination of geography, economics and politics

39
Q

Which area of the world is a key world oil supplier?

A

The Middle East

40
Q

What percentage of the worlds estimated 1,000 billion barrels are in the Middle East?

A

71% - will increase to 83% by 2025

41
Q

What percentage of oil does the Middle East currently supply to Japan?

A

76% - due to them being energy insecure

42
Q

Which country consumes the most oil? And which country produces the most oil?

A

USA consume the most - Middle East produce the most

43
Q

What percentage of proved oil reserves does the Middle East hold?

A

65.4% (25% of that coming from Saudi Arabia)

44
Q

What is Abqaiq?

A

The worlds largest oil processing plant

45
Q

How many oil barrels does Abqaiq produce each day?

A

6.8 million - 75% of Saudis total output

46
Q

How many miles of oil and gas fields and pipelines is there at Abqaiq?

A

12,000 miles

47
Q

If there was a successful terror attack at Abqaiq, how long could this halt production for?

A

Up to a year - no-where that could produce that level of oil, thus worlds would suffer with a mass oil supply problem

48
Q

When was there an attempted terror attack at Abqaiq?

A

24th of February 2006, attacked by terrorists

49
Q

What happened at the attempted terror attack at Abqaiq?

A

2 vehicles carrying explosives tried to smash their way through into the plant compound, there was a 2 hour long gun battle which ended with 2 terrorists and 2 guards dead - plant was undamaged

50
Q

How many members are there in OPEC?

A

12

51
Q

Who are the founding members of OPEC? And when was OPEC founded?

A

Founding members = Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait and Venezuela - founded in 1960

52
Q

What two factors influence oil pricing?

A

1) Price of oil on the free market (demand and supply conditions)
2) Oil quailty

53
Q

What is the most traded commodity in the world?

A

Crude oil

54
Q

What is the main objective of OPEC?

A

Coordinate petroleum policies amongst members and ensure fair and stable prices for producers.

55
Q

Why was OPEC formed?

A

To protect the interests of oil producing countries - at the time oil in the Middle East was controlled by TNCs who raised and lowered prices as they wished to do so

56
Q

Define a CARTEL

A

OPEC is said to be a CARTEL

It is an alliance of parties or interests created to further common aims

57
Q

What is the role of OPEC?

A
  • Sets oil production quotas for members in response to economic growth rates and demand supply conditions
  • If demand suddenly rises OPEC can increase production to prevent sharp price rises
  • Can also be reduced to maintain price if demand falls
  • Aims to get a fair price for members without swamping or restricting the market
58
Q

Energy Pathways

A

Supply routes between energy producers and consumers e.g pipelines of shipping routes

59
Q

Energy Poverty

A

When a country or region has insufficient access to reliable sources of power

60
Q

Energy Security

A

This is vital to the functioning of any economy - any country that is self-sufficient in energy resources will be secure

61
Q

Energy Surplis

A

When a country or region has more than enough sources of power for its needs and is able to export its surplus power to other countries

62
Q

Geopolitics

A

Political relations among nations, particularly relating to claims and disputes regarding borders and resources

63
Q

Low-carbon Standard

A

Initiative introduced in California in 2007 aimed to reducing the carbon intensity of transportation fuel by 10% by 2020

64
Q

OPEC

A

The organisation of petroleum exporting countries e.g. Iran, Iraq and Kuwait

65
Q

Peak Oil

A

The year in which the world or an individual oil-producing country reaches its highest level of production, production declines afterwards

66
Q

Security Premium

A

The extra cost built into the price of oil to allow for any disruption in supply

67
Q

Strategic

A

Something that is done as part of a plant that is meant to achieve a particular purpose or gain an advantage

68
Q

Supply Shock

A

A significant interruption to supply due to an environmental, economic or political event

69
Q

Tar Sands

A

Naturally occurring mixtures of sand or clay, water and dense form of petroleum called bitumen

70
Q

Energy Crisis

A

A serious shortage of energy which interrupts domestic supplies and impacts on all sectors of the economy

71
Q

Environmental Impact Assessment

A

Details of all the impacts on the environment of an energy type or another project above a certain size

72
Q

Fossil Fuels

A

Fuels consisting of hydrocarbons (coal, oil and natural gas) formed by the decomposition of prehistoric organisms

73
Q

Renewable Resources

A

Sources of energy such as solar and wind power that are not depleted as they are used

74
Q

Strategic Petroleum Reserve

A

The USA’s reserve supply of oil which should last for about 3 months in the event of severe interruptions of imported oil

75
Q

Energy Infrastructure

A

The built environment constructed for the exploration, development and production of energy, and all the networks

76
Q

Energy TNCs

A

Transnational corporations that specialise in the exploration, development, production of energy and all the networks

77
Q

Resource Nationalisation

A

When a country decides to place part or all of one or a number of natural resources e.g. oil under state ownership

78
Q

Carbon Credit

A

A permit that allows an organisation to emit a specified amount of greenhouse gases

79
Q

Carbon Trading

A

A company that does not use up the level of emissions it is entitled to can see the remainder to another company

80
Q

Coal Gasification

A

A process which converts solid coal into a gas that can be used for power generation

81
Q

Green Taxation

A

Taxes levied to discourage behaviour that will be harmful to the environment

82
Q

Microgeneration

A

Generators producing electricity with an output of less than 50KW

83
Q

Radical Energy Technologies

A

One that is not classed as ‘business per usual’ so using renewable resources and other methods and technologies

Geography - A Level (36 decks)

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