Unit 3 Test Flashcards
What are prokaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells are unicellular and do not have a nucleus.
Organelles include ribosomes, cytoplasm, vacuoles, plasma membrane, and cytoskeleton.
What are eukaryotic cells?
large, complex, and can be in multicellular organisms
Eukaryotic cells are found in plants and animals and have a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
The main difference is that prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.
What are the three points of the cell theory?
- All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function of life. 3. All cells come from preexisting cells.
What is the function of the nucleus?
The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cells and carries the DNA.
Found in plant and animal cells.
What is the function of vacuoles?
Vacuoles store waste and assist with transporting substances.
Found in plant and animal cells.
What is the function of lysosomes?
Lysosomes help digest old cell parts and foreign particles using enzymes.
Found in plant and animal cells.
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Smooth ER makes enzymes for calcium regulation and detoxification; Rough ER helps make proteins and serves as a roadway for proteins to travel.
Found in plant and animal cells.
What is the function of ribosomes?
Ribosomes provide a site to make proteins that the DNA codes for.
Found in prokaryotic, plant, and animal cells.
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
The cytoskeleton contributes to cell shape and helps movement within the cell.
Found in prokaryotic, plant, and animal cells.
What is the function of cytoplasm?
Cytoplasm is the site of most activities of the cell.
Organelle supsension
Found in prokaryotic, plant, and animal cells.
What is the function of mitochondria?
Mitochondria store energy.
Found in plant and animal cells.
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis.
Found in plant cells.
What did Robert Hooke contribute to cell theory?
In 1665, Robert Hooke observed cork under a microscope and called them ‘cells’ because they looked like small rooms.
What did Matthias Schleiden contribute to cell theory?
In 1839, Matthias Schleiden stated that living plants are made up of cells and contain a nucleus.
What did Theodor Schwann contribute to cell theory?
In 1839, Theodor Schwann stated that animal samples are made up of cells and contain a nucleus.
What did Rudolf Virchow contribute to cell theory?
In 1855, Rudolf Virchow stated that cells arise from preexisting cells.
What is the structure of the cell membrane?
The cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer (with glycoproteins, protein channels, and protein pumps)
How does oxygen move through the cell membrane?
simple diffusion.
How does sugar move through the cell membrane?
facilitated diffusion.
How does carbon dioxide move through the cell membrane?
Simple diffusion
How does water move through the cell membrane?
via osmosis or protein pump called aquaporin
How does potassium move through the cell membrane?
Sodium-potassium pump.
How does sodium move through the cell membrane?
Sodium-potassium pump
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
What is facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion is the process of moving molecules across a membrane via transport proteins and does not require energy.
Why does it require energy to move a molecule using molecular transport?
It requires energy because molecular transport (protein pump) moves molecules against their concentration gradient.
What is phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell engulfs large particles or cells.
What is pinocytosis?
Pinocytosis is the process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment.
What type of organisms are prokaryotic cells?
Bacteria and archaea
What is a key characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
Lack of a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.
Are prokaryotic cells typically found in multicellular organisms?
No, they are always one-celled or unicellular organisms.
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus, prokaryotic cells do not.
What types of organisms have eukaryotic cells?
Plants and animals.
What are the three points of cell theory?
- All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function of life. 3. All cells come from preexisting cells.
What structure is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and DNA.
What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus?
Modify, sort, package, and ships proteins to other parts of the cell.
In which cell types is the Golgi Apparatus found?
Plant and animal cells.
What is the main role of the Nucleus?
Controls and regulates cell activities, carries DNA.
Where is the Nucleus present?
Plant and animal cells.
In which cell types can a Vacuole be found?
Plant and animal cells.
What cell types are lysosomes found in?
Plant and animal cells.
What is the function of smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
Makes enzymes for calcium regulation and detoxification.
What does rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) do?
Helps make proteins and provides a roadway for proteins to travel.
In which cell types is Endoplasmic Reticulum found?
Plant and animal cells.
What is the main function of Ribosomes?
Provides a site to make proteins that DNA codes for.
Where are Ribosomes present?
Prokaryotic, plant, and animal cells.
In which cell types is the Cytoskeleton found?
Prokaryotic, plant, and animal cells.
What is the primary role of Cytoplasm?
The site of many cellular activities
Organelle suspension.
Where is Cytoplasm present?
Prokaryotic, plant, and animal cells.
What is the main function of Mitochondria?
Produces energy in the form of ATP.
In which cell types is Mitochondria found?
Plant and animal cells.
What is the primary function of Chloroplast?
Produces glucose, site of photosynthesis.
What cell types is the chloroplast found in?
Plant cells.
What is Active Transport?
Uses energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient.
What is Passive Transport?
Does not use energy to move molecules.
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration.
What is facilitated diffusion?
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration using carrier proteins.
Does not require energy.
What is endocytosis?
Movement of an external substance into a cell.
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
To protect the cell and regulate what enters and exits.
Fill in the blank: The cell membrane is composed mainly of __________.
phospholipids.
Which model describes the structure of the cell membrane?
Fluid mosaic model.
What type of transport does not require energy?
Passive transport.
What is the role of proteins in the cell membrane?
To facilitate transport and communication across the membrane.
What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
To maintain membrane fluidity and stability.
What is Antonie van Leeuwenhoek contribution
First to observe cells with microscopes
What is the structure of a phospholid?
made up of one hydrophilic head, and 2 hydrophobic tails (one phospholid)
What is the structure of a glycoprotein?
Carbohydrate chain with an attached protein
What is the structure of a protein channel?
Its a protein that forms a pathway (facilitated diffusion)
What is the structure of a protein pump?
a pump that uses ATP and moves molecules through the cell membrane
Hypertonic solution
water concentration: inside cell > outside cell
solute concentration: outside cell > inside cell
Isotonic solutions
concentration of water and solute(salt) are equal
Hypotonic solution
water concentration: outside cell > inside cell
solute concentration: inside cell > outside cell
What type of transport is endocytosis?
active transport
What type of transport is exocytosis?
Active transport
Always involves channel (membrane-spanning) proteins
Active transport and facilitated diffusion
In a hypertonic solution, the cell __
Shrinks
In a hypotonic solution, the cell _
Swells
In a isotonic solution, the cell __
Stays the same
In an isotonic solution, the water movement __
Has no net movement
In a hypertonic solution, the water movement __
Diffuses out of the cell
In a hypotonic solution, the water movement __
Diffuses into the cell
What type of molecules typically use simple diffusion to cross the cell membrane?
nonpolar molecules
