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Honors Biology > Unit 3 Test > Flashcards

Unit 3 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells are unicellular and do not have a nucleus.

Organelles include ribosomes, cytoplasm, vacuoles, plasma membrane, and cytoskeleton.

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2
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

large, complex, and can be in multicellular organisms
Eukaryotic cells are found in plants and animals and have a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

The main difference is that prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.

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3
Q

What are the three points of the cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function of life. 3. All cells come from preexisting cells.
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4
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cells and carries the DNA.

Found in plant and animal cells.

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5
Q

What is the function of vacuoles?

A

Vacuoles store waste and assist with transporting substances.

Found in plant and animal cells.

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6
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes help digest old cell parts and foreign particles using enzymes.

Found in plant and animal cells.

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7
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth ER makes enzymes for calcium regulation and detoxification; Rough ER helps make proteins and serves as a roadway for proteins to travel.

Found in plant and animal cells.

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8
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes provide a site to make proteins that the DNA codes for.

Found in prokaryotic, plant, and animal cells.

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9
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

The cytoskeleton contributes to cell shape and helps movement within the cell.

Found in prokaryotic, plant, and animal cells.

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10
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm is the site of most activities of the cell.
Organelle supsension

Found in prokaryotic, plant, and animal cells.

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11
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria store energy.

Found in plant and animal cells.

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12
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis.

Found in plant cells.

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13
Q

What did Robert Hooke contribute to cell theory?

A

In 1665, Robert Hooke observed cork under a microscope and called them ‘cells’ because they looked like small rooms.

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14
Q

What did Matthias Schleiden contribute to cell theory?

A

In 1839, Matthias Schleiden stated that living plants are made up of cells and contain a nucleus.

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15
Q

What did Theodor Schwann contribute to cell theory?

A

In 1839, Theodor Schwann stated that animal samples are made up of cells and contain a nucleus.

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16
Q

What did Rudolf Virchow contribute to cell theory?

A

In 1855, Rudolf Virchow stated that cells arise from preexisting cells.

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17
Q

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer (with glycoproteins, protein channels, and protein pumps)

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18
Q

How does oxygen move through the cell membrane?

A

simple diffusion.

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19
Q

How does sugar move through the cell membrane?

A

facilitated diffusion.

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20
Q

How does carbon dioxide move through the cell membrane?

A

Simple diffusion

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21
Q

How does water move through the cell membrane?

A

via osmosis or protein pump called aquaporin

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22
Q

How does potassium move through the cell membrane?

A

Sodium-potassium pump.

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23
Q

How does sodium move through the cell membrane?

A

Sodium-potassium pump

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24
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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25
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

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26
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Facilitated diffusion is the process of moving molecules across a membrane via transport proteins and does not require energy.

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27
Q

Why does it require energy to move a molecule using molecular transport?

A

It requires energy because molecular transport (protein pump) moves molecules against their concentration gradient.

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28
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell engulfs large particles or cells.

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29
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Pinocytosis is the process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment.

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30
Q

What type of organisms are prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and archaea

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31
Q

What is a key characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

A

Lack of a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.

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32
Q

Are prokaryotic cells typically found in multicellular organisms?

A

No, they are always one-celled or unicellular organisms.

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33
Q

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus, prokaryotic cells do not.

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34
Q

What types of organisms have eukaryotic cells?

A

Plants and animals.

35
Q

What are the three points of cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function of life. 3. All cells come from preexisting cells.
36
Q

What structure is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and DNA.

37
Q

What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Modify, sort, package, and ships proteins to other parts of the cell.

38
Q

In which cell types is the Golgi Apparatus found?

A

Plant and animal cells.

39
Q

What is the main role of the Nucleus?

A

Controls and regulates cell activities, carries DNA.

40
Q

Where is the Nucleus present?

A

Plant and animal cells.

41
Q

In which cell types can a Vacuole be found?

A

Plant and animal cells.

42
Q

What cell types are lysosomes found in?

A

Plant and animal cells.

43
Q

What is the function of smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

A

Makes enzymes for calcium regulation and detoxification.

44
Q

What does rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) do?

A

Helps make proteins and provides a roadway for proteins to travel.

45
Q

In which cell types is Endoplasmic Reticulum found?

A

Plant and animal cells.

46
Q

What is the main function of Ribosomes?

A

Provides a site to make proteins that DNA codes for.

47
Q

Where are Ribosomes present?

A

Prokaryotic, plant, and animal cells.

48
Q

In which cell types is the Cytoskeleton found?

A

Prokaryotic, plant, and animal cells.

49
Q

What is the primary role of Cytoplasm?

A

The site of many cellular activities
Organelle suspension.

50
Q

Where is Cytoplasm present?

A

Prokaryotic, plant, and animal cells.

51
Q

What is the main function of Mitochondria?

A

Produces energy in the form of ATP.

52
Q

In which cell types is Mitochondria found?

A

Plant and animal cells.

53
Q

What is the primary function of Chloroplast?

A

Produces glucose, site of photosynthesis.

54
Q

What cell types is the chloroplast found in?

A

Plant cells.

55
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

Uses energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient.

56
Q

What is Passive Transport?

A

Does not use energy to move molecules.

57
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration.

58
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration using carrier proteins.

Does not require energy.

59
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Movement of an external substance into a cell.

60
Q

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

A

To protect the cell and regulate what enters and exits.

61
Q

Fill in the blank: The cell membrane is composed mainly of __________.

A

phospholipids.

62
Q

Which model describes the structure of the cell membrane?

A

Fluid mosaic model.

63
Q

What type of transport does not require energy?

A

Passive transport.

64
Q

What is the role of proteins in the cell membrane?

A

To facilitate transport and communication across the membrane.

65
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

A

To maintain membrane fluidity and stability.

66
Q

What is Antonie van Leeuwenhoek contribution

A

First to observe cells with microscopes

67
Q

What is the structure of a phospholid?

A

made up of one hydrophilic head, and 2 hydrophobic tails (one phospholid)

68
Q

What is the structure of a glycoprotein?

A

Carbohydrate chain with an attached protein

69
Q

What is the structure of a protein channel?

A

Its a protein that forms a pathway (facilitated diffusion)

70
Q

What is the structure of a protein pump?

A

a pump that uses ATP and moves molecules through the cell membrane

71
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

water concentration: inside cell > outside cell
solute concentration: outside cell > inside cell

72
Q

Isotonic solutions

A

concentration of water and solute(salt) are equal

73
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

water concentration: outside cell > inside cell
solute concentration: inside cell > outside cell

74
Q

What type of transport is endocytosis?

A

active transport

75
Q

What type of transport is exocytosis?

A

Active transport

76
Q

Always involves channel (membrane-spanning) proteins

A

Active transport and facilitated diffusion

77
Q

In a hypertonic solution, the cell __

A

Shrinks

78
Q

In a hypotonic solution, the cell _

A

Swells

79
Q

In a isotonic solution, the cell __

A

Stays the same

80
Q

In an isotonic solution, the water movement __

A

Has no net movement

81
Q

In a hypertonic solution, the water movement __

A

Diffuses out of the cell

82
Q

In a hypotonic solution, the water movement __

A

Diffuses into the cell

83
Q

What type of molecules typically use simple diffusion to cross the cell membrane?

A

nonpolar molecules

Honors Biology (2 decks)

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