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Honors Biology > Cell Cycle Test Study Guide > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Test Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Why do cells need to divide?

A

to allow for:
- organism growth
- healing of injuries and wounds

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2
Q

*Draw a chromosome about to undergo mitosis (after S phase). Label the centromere and chromatids.

A
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3
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Uncoiled DNA

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4
Q

What stage of cell division would you find chromatin?

A

Interphase

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5
Q

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle

A

Interphase

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6
Q

How many checkpoints are in the cell cycle?

A

3
(G1 checkpoint,
G2 checkpoint,
Spindle checkpoint)

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7
Q

Where are the checkpoints and what do they do

A

G1: end of G1 phase
checks for: enough nutrients, damaged DNA, cell size
G2: end of G2 phase
checks for: complete DNA, damaged DNA, cell size, enough nutrients
Spindle: during metaphase
checks for: chromosome alignment, spindle attachment

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8
Q

When does the G1 checkpoint take place

A

After Gap 1

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9
Q

What happens during the G1 checkpoint

A

checks for:
enough nutrients
damaged DNA

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10
Q

When does the G2 checkpoint take place

A

end of Gap 2

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11
Q

What happens during the G2 checkpoint

A

checks for:
enough nutrients
damaged DNA

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12
Q

When does the spindle checkpoint take place

A

During metaphase

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13
Q

What happens during the spindle checkpoint

A

checks for:
- chromosome alignment
- spindle attachment to kinetochores

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14
Q

What are the 3 stages within interphase

A
  1. Gap 1
  2. Synthesis
  3. Gap 2
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15
Q

What happens in each of the stages of interphase?

A

Gap 1:
- growing larger physically
- creating new organelles
- cell carries normal metabolic activities
Synthesis:
- cell replicates DNA
- duplicates centrosomes
Gap 2: secondary period of growth
- cell further increases in size
- produces proteins
- moves structures around

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16
Q

What happens in Gap 1

A
  • cell grows in size
  • cell creates new organelles
  • cell carries out normal metabolic activities
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17
Q

What happens in S phase

A
  • cell replicates DNA
  • cell duplicates centrosomes
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18
Q

What happens in Gap 2

A

secondary period of growth
- cell grows in size
- produces proteins
- moves around structures

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19
Q

What are the phases of mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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20
Q

*Draw or find a picture of each phase of mitosis

A
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21
Q

Spindle fibers occur in the _ phase

A

Prophase

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22
Q

DNA replicates in the _ phase

A

Synthesis

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23
Q

Chromosomes form and become visible in _

A

Prophase

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24
Q

Chromatids break apart from each other in _

A

Anaphase

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25
Q

Nuclear membrane disappears in _

A

Prophase (technically prometaphase)

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26
Q

Chromosomes line up on the equator in _

A

Prophase ( technically Prometaphase)

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27
Q

What is the difference between animal and plant cytokinesis?

A
  • Animal cells have a cleavage furrow and split the cell membrane
  • Plant cells are not able to to do that, because of the cell wall. They create a cell plate that turns into a new cell wall.
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28
Q

FUN FACT! Telophase

A

In telophase the cell will have two nuclei in one cell before it has completely separated

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29
Q

What are the proteins that stimulate cell division?

A

helicase, SSB proteins, topoisomerase

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30
Q

What is a tumor?

A

an abnormal growth of tissue that could be cancerous or non-cancerous

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31
Q

What is the difference between a benign vs. a malignant tumor

A

Benign tumor: does not spread to surrounding healthy tissue or other parts for the body
Malignant tumor: cancerous tissue that spreads to and destroys surrounding tissue

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32
Q

What is it called when the cytoplasm divides in the cell cycle?

A

Cytokinesis

33
Q

What does metastasis mean?

A

when cancer cells spread to other parts of the body

34
Q

What is the role of the spindle fibers in cell division?

A

to pull apart the sister chromatids

35
Q

What is the difference between chromosome and chromatin?

A
  • Chromosomes are a highly condensed form of chromatin
  • Chromatin is uncoiled DNA
36
Q

**Draw a picture of chromosome and chromatin?

A
37
Q

FUN FACT! Mitosis produces ___ that are ___ to __ and to the ___ cell

A

Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells that are identical to each other and to the parent cell

38
Q

What does radiation and chemotherapy do?

A

both kill off cells that are developing (even healthy ones)

39
Q

How are radiation and chemotherapy different

A

Radiation: targets a certain area
Chemotherapy: used on all parts of body, usually used on cancer that has spread

40
Q

What are several reasons why it is difficult to find a cure for cancer?

A
  • There are more than 100 types of cancer (different cancers for different cells)
  • Not all cancers respond the same way to treatments
  • Not all patients are the same
  • Patients’ lifestyles are all different
41
Q

Know the different parts of a nucleotide.

A

nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group

42
Q

What type of molecule is a nucleotide?

A

Nucleic acid

43
Q

What does the complementary base pairing rule tell us about how the DNA structure is put together?

A
  • it pairs up with each other consistently
  • it adds onto the chain by using the already existing chain as a template
44
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule?

A
  • States that Cytosine always pairs with Guanine, and Adenine always with Thymine.
  • Always 1 to 1 ratio
  • Always adds up to 100% total
    EX:
    Cytosine & Guanine - 21%,
    Thymine & Adenine 29%
45
Q

What were the contributions for Franklin, Watson and Crick in terms of discovering the DNA structure?

A

Franklin discovered DNA is in a helix
Watson and Crick used Franklin’s work, found that DNA had a double helix structure with evenly spaced pairs of bases connecting two strands

46
Q

In what direction does the DNA replication occur?

A

5’ to 3’
(5 prime to 3 prime)

47
Q

Helicase function

A

Breaks down hydrogen bonds (unzips nitrogenous bases/“genes”)

48
Q

Ligase function

A

Connects the Okazaki fragments

49
Q

DNA polymerase function

A

Adds new nucleotide bases

50
Q

What is Okazaki’s fragment and why does that happen?

A

Okazaki’s fragment: individual fragments that have not been connected in the lagging strand
Happens because: DNA polymerase can only add new bases to a 5’ to 3’.

51
Q

What is the difference between a leading and lagging strand?

A

Leading strand:continuously made
Lagging strand:made in fragments (called Okazaki Fragments)

52
Q

How is a stem cell different from other cells?

A

Stem cells are not specialized.
They can do the roles and functions of any cell that they want.

53
Q

What does cell differentiation mean?

A

the process of a stem cell differentiating into a mature specialized cell to carry out a specific job (relies on gene expression to occur)

54
Q

What is histone?

A

The protein that makes up nucleosomes (the group of proteins that DNA winds around)

55
Q

What are centrioles?

A

makes up centrosomes, the mitotic spindle grows out of

56
Q

Purine definition

A

nitrogen base with two rings
(Adenine and Guanine)
(Pure = Always Good)

57
Q

Pyrimidine definition

A

Nitrogenous base with one ring
(Cytosine and Thymine)

58
Q

Antiparallel definition

A

The single strands in DNA run in different directions and never touch each other

59
Q

Internal regulators

A

Proteins that regulate inside or within the cell

60
Q

External regulators

A

Proteins that regulate outside the cell

61
Q

Positive regulators

A

proteins that help and allow the cell to move forward in the cell cycle

62
Q

Negative regulators

A

proteins that do not allow the cell to move forward in the cell cycle

63
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

64
Q

Cancer

A

Uncontrolled cell growth

65
Q

What happens in Prophase?

A
  • chromatin condense, becoming visible chromosomes
  • breaks down nuclear envelope
  • mitotic spindle forms
66
Q

What happens in Prometaphase?

A
  • chromosomes completely condense
  • nuclear envelope broken down
  • mitotic spindle continues to grow
  • centrosomes migrate to opposite poles
  • microtubules attach to the centrosomes of sister chromatids
67
Q

What happens in Metaphase?

A
  • chromosome lined up at the middle
  • spindle checkpoint
68
Q

What happens in Anaphase?

A
  • sister chromatids are pulled apart and moved to opposite poles
69
Q

What happens during Telophase?

A
  • cell reforms nuclear envelope and nucleolus
  • chromosomes begin to uncoil back into chromatin
  • spindle breaks down
  • cytokinesis happens
70
Q

T/F: The risk of dying from cancer is increasing

A

False

71
Q

T/F: Cancer can be spread from person to person

A

False

72
Q

T/F: What someone does as a young adult has little effect on their chance of getting cancer later in life

A

False

73
Q

T/F: There is currently a cure for cancer but the medical industry won’t tell the public about it because they make too much money treating pateints

A

False

74
Q

T/F: Treating cancer with surgery can cause it to spread throughout the body

A

False

75
Q

T/F: Cancer can be effectively treated

A

True

76
Q

T/F: Cancer is a group of over 100 diseases

A

True

77
Q

T/F: Cancer cells can be distinguished from normal cells because of their abnormal growth

A

True

78
Q

T/F: Cancer can only occur in specific cells in the body

A

False

79
Q

T/F: Cancer develops because of abnormal gene function

A

True

Honors Biology (9 decks)

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