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Honors Biology > Cell Cycle Test > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Test Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main stages in the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and mitosis

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2
Q

What are the phases in interphase?

A

Gp 1, Synthesis, Gap 2

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3
Q

What happens in Gap 1

A

cell grows in size
duplicates organelles
cell’s “birthday”

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4
Q

What happens at the Gap 1 checkpoint?

A

checks if enough nutrients are present
checks for damaged DNA

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5
Q

What happens in the S phase?

A

centrosomes duplicate
DNA duplicate

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6
Q

What happens in the Gap 2 phase?

A

cell grows in size
cell prepares to divide

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7
Q

What happens at the G0 checkpoint?

A

cell is not duplicating its DNA
cell is not dividing

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8
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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9
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

mitotic spindle forms
nuclear envelope breaks down
chromosomes start to form

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10
Q

What happens in prometaphase (late prophase)?

A

growing spindle
centrosomes at poles
nuclear envelope broken down

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11
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

centrioles at poles
sister chromatids at the metaphase plate

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12
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

chromosomes pulled to poles
microtubules (spindle fibers) push apart
chromatids pulled apart

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13
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

spindle breaks down
nuclear envelope reforms
chromosomes decondense (into chromatin)

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14
Q

What is a nucleotide made of

A

phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen base

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15
Q

What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines?

A

Purines: 2 rings
Pyrimidines: 1 ring

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16
Q

What nitrogenous bases are purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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17
Q

What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

A

Thymine and Cytosine

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18
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

19
Q

What bonds hold the 2 DNA strands together?

A

hydrogen bonds

20
Q

What are the backbones of the strands made of?

A

phosphate-sugar backbones

21
Q

DNA runs -

A

5’ - 3’ (5 prime to 3 prime)
*the 5 prime is the nitrogenous base with the phosphate group on top (see images in Notes+)

22
Q

DNA is ___

A

Antiparallel
(One strand runs 5’ to 3’, while the other runs 3’ to 5’. This means that one is upside down…basically)

23
Q

DNA Replication begins at the ____

A

Origin of replication

24
Q

Which cells have multiple origins of replication?

A

Eukaryotic cells

25
Q

What is the benefit of having multiple origins of replication?

A

It makes DNA duplication faster

26
Q

What occurs at the replication fork?

A

DNA replication

27
Q

DNA replication takes place in ___ directions

A

Both

28
Q

DNA replication take place moving ____

A

Away from the origin of replication

29
Q

Replication forks are created at

A

the origin of replication

30
Q

How do replication bubbles form

A

When the replication forks move apart

31
Q

What happens when the replication bubbles connect with other bubbles that have formed around other origins of replications

A

they collide and 2 new strands of DNA are made

32
Q

Topoisomerase role

A

unwinds DNA

33
Q

Helicase role

A

Breaks the hydrogen bonds (which separates the nitrogenous bases)

34
Q

SSB role

A

keep the 2 strands separated

35
Q

DNA polymerase role

A

Adds new nucleotides to DNA strand being created

36
Q

How does DNA polymerase know what nucleotide to add next?

A

It reads the bases on the original and adds the complementary bases

37
Q

DNA polymerase can only add new bases ____ to a strand of DNA. What does this result in?

A

5’ to 3’; this results in one being made continuously and another made in fragments

38
Q

continuously-made strand called

A

Leading strand

39
Q

Strand made in small segments called

A

Lagging strand

40
Q

Lagging strand segments called

A

Okazaki fragments

41
Q

Okazaki Fragments are joined together by

A

DNA ligase

42
Q

What does DNA ligase do to glue the fragments together?

A

it forms a covalent bond between deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate group of another

43
Q

DNA primase role

A

adds an RNA primer that lets DNA polymerase know where to add new nucleotides

Honors Biology (9 decks)

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