Protein Synthesis Study Guide Flashcards
What is the monomer of a protein
Amino acid
What are the two steps in protein synthesis?
Transcription and Translation
Where does each step of protein synthesis take place
Transcription takes place in the nucleus.
Translation takes place in the ribosomes.
Where does transcription take place in the cell?
In the nucleus
Where does translation take place in the cell?
In the ribosomes
Does protein synthesis copy the entire DNA code?
No; only the relevant gene sequence (more energy-efficient, minimizes possible errors)
What are the three types of RNA
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Where are the three types of RNA found?
- mRNA is found in the nucleus and later cytoplasm
- tRNA is in the cytoplasm
- rRNA is in the ribosomes
Where is mRNA found?
in the nucleus and later the cytoplasm
Where is tRNA found
In the cytoplasm and later the ribosomes
Where is rRNA found
in the ribosomes
What do the three types of RNA do
- mRNA: carries the copied genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
- tRNA: carries amino acids to ribosomes
- rRNA is a structural component of ribosomes
What does mRNA do
it contains a copy of the DNA gene sequence that the ribosomes will read
What does tRNA do
carries amino acids to the ribosome
What does rRNA do
it is a structural component of ribosomes
What does capping mean
It is the addition of a 5’ cap to mRNA
What does splicing mean
it is the removal of introns from pre-mRNA
What does tailing mean
It is the addition of a poly-A-tail to the 3’ end of mRNA
KNOW HOW TO TRANSLATE DNA INTO RNA. (Practice 2 problems)
KNOW HOW TO READ A CODON CHART (Practice 2 problems)
What is a codon
A three-nucleotide sequence on mmRNA that specifies a particular amino acid
What does a codon code for
a specific amino acid
What type of chain do many amino acids form
polypeptide chain
What type of bond connects many amino acids
peptide bonds
Does the order of amino acids matter in terms of building a protein?
Yes
What could happen if we change the order?
Incorrect amino acids could alter the protein’s shape, causing it to be ineffective and possibly harmful (mutations!)
What are the differences in DNA and RNA (sugars, number of strands, nitrogen bases)
- DNA has deoxyribose / RNA has ribose
- DNA has 2 strands / RNA has 1 strand
- DNA has adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine / RNA has adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
What are the differences in DNA and RNA’s sugars
DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA has ribose
What are the differences in DNA and RNA’s number of strands
DNA is double-stranded (2), and RNA is single-stranded (1)
What are the differences in DNA and RNA’s nitrogen bases
DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil
What is a mutation
A change in the DNA sequence
What are 2 types of point mutations
Missense and nonsense
What is a base pair substitution mutation
it is when a nucleotide replaces another
What is a silent mutation
when a codon is altered, but the amino acids do not change
What is a nonsense mutation
an altered codon that results in an early stop
What is a missense mutation
a mutation that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid
What is a frameshift mutation
a mutation that changes the reading frame of the codons being read, resulting in incorrect amino acids could alter
What is an insertion mutation
a mutation when one or more nucleotides are added
What is a deletion mutation
a mutation when one or more nucleotides are deleted
BE PREPARED TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUTATIONS BASED ON COMPARING DNA CODES. (Practice 1 problem)
Are mutations always bad?
No, some mutations are neutral or even beneficial
Can mutations that occur in body cells be passed onto their offspring?
No, only mutations in sex cells can be passed to offspring
