Final Exam: Biochemistry Flashcards
What are the unique properties of water
1) covalent bond
2) hydrogen bond
3) polar bond
4) universal solvent
5) cohesion
6) adhesion
7) surface tension
8) heat capacity
Covalent bond
Electrons are shared by atoms
- ex: the bonds within a water molecule that hold the oxygen to the hydrogen atom
Hydrogen bond
Type of bond between water molecules
(Ex: holds together DNA molecules)
Polar bond
a covalent bond between two or more atoms when the atoms have different levels of electronegativity (unequal electrons)
Universal Solvent
Ability to dissolve many different solutes
Cohesion
Attracted to other water molecules
(Ex: process of capillary action)
Adhesion
Attracted to non water molecules
(Ex: facilitates the cohesion of cell membranes)
Surface tension
Water’s resistance to external force
(Ex: water striders and other insects can travel)
Heat capacity
water is very resistant to changes in temperature
Why does ice float in water
solid form of water (ice) is more dense than its liquid form
- hydrogen bonds push themselves farther apart when frozen —> lowers density
What are the four macromolecules and what are they made of
Carbohydrates (C, H, O)
Lipids (C, H, O)
Proteins (C, H, O, N, )
Nucleic acids (C, H, O, N, P)
Carbohydrates: elements
C, H, O
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Lipids: elements
C, H, O
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Proteins: elements
C, H, O, N
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Nucleic Acid: elements
C, H, O, N, P
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
Explain the relationship between a monomer and a polymer
Monomer: single, smaller unit of the molecule
Polymer: larger molecule, string of monomers
Carbohydrates: monomer, polymer
Monomer: monosaccharide
Polymer: polysaccharide
Lipids: monomer, polymer
Monomer: fats and glycerol
Polymer: fats, oils, waxes, fat-soluble vitamins, phospholids
Proteins: monomer, polymer
Monomer: amino acid
Polymer: polypeptide
Nucleic Acids: monomer, polymer
Monomer: nucleotide
Polymer: nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, and ATP)
Contains genetic information, found in the nucleus of the cell
Nucleic acid
Coconut oil, butter, corn oil, animal lard
Lipid
monomer is amino acids, polymer is polypeptides
Protein
Sugars, cellulose, starches, glycogen
Carbohydrate
(saccharide = sugar)
Nonpolar substance, hydrophobic
Lipid
Nucleotides are the monomer that make up DNA and RNA
Nucleic acids
monomers are monosaccharides, polymers are polysaccharides
Carbohydrates
controls reaction rates, regulate cell processes
Proteins
(Enzymes)
Define hydrolysis
the process of breaking down polymers into monomers
Draw a simple model of hydrolysis
Define dehydration synthesis
Combining monomers to create a polymer
Draw a simple model of dehydration synthesis
What is an enzyme
organic catalyst that speeds up a reaction without being entered into it itself
What macromolecule is an enzyme
Protein
Draw an enzyme and label the following: enzyme, active site, substrate
What does it mean when an enzyme denatures
when an enzyme loses its shape and no longer fits
What factors can cause an enzyme to denatured
changes in pH or temperature can cause denaturing
