Unit 3 Review Flashcards
1
Q
What is adolescence?
A
The transition from childhood to adulthood, marked by physical, emotional, and cognitive changes.
2
Q
Define puberty.
A
The physical maturation process that leads to sexual maturity.
3
Q
What does distal proximal development mean?
A
Growth starts at the outer limbs and moves inward.
4
Q
How do height and weight differ between genders during adolescence?
A
Girls tend to grow taller earlier, but boys surpass them later, gaining more muscle mass while girls gain body fat.
5
Q
What are primary sexual characteristics?
A
Traits directly related to reproduction.
6
Q
What are secondary sexual characteristics?
A
External traits like body hair and voice changes.
7
Q
Define menarche.
A
A girl’s first menstruation.
8
Q
Define spermarche.
A
A boy’s first ejaculation.
9
Q
What factors may lead to earlier puberty for girls?
A
Body fat and environmental influences.
10
Q
How can cultural differences affect puberty?
A
Cultural differences can affect timing and perceptions of puberty.
11
Q
What is the link between early puberty and mental health?
A
Early puberty increases the risk of mental health issues like depression.
12
Q
How does the timing of puberty impact boys?
A
It can affect boys’ emotional development and social interactions.
13
Q
What is gender role intensification?
A
Heightened pressure to conform to traditional gender roles during adolescence.
14
Q
What changes occur in the teen brain during adolescence?
A
Increased emotional responses and risk-taking due to brain development.
15
Q
How does the limbic system develop during adolescence?
A
The limbic system matures before the prefrontal cortex.
16
Q
What role do neurotransmitters play during adolescence?
A
They influence brain changes, with risks from abnormal development.
17
Q
What are the effects of marijuana use during adolescence?
A
Disrupts brain development, affecting memory, learning, and mental health.
18
Q
What are the adaptive qualities of the teen brain?
A
Flexibility allows for learning and growth, but increases vulnerability to risks.
19
Q
What is Piaget’s formal operational stage?
A
The ability to think abstractly and engage in hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
20
Q
Define adolescent egocentrism.
A
The belief that everyone is focused on them, leading to heightened self-consciousness.
21
Q
Who is David Elkind?
A
A researcher who studied adolescent egocentrism.
22
Q
What is self-concept?
A
How adolescents view themselves.
23
Q
What is self-esteem?
A
How adolescents feel about their worth.
24
Q
What does Erikson’s identity versus role confusion stage entail?
A
Adolescents struggle to form a clear identity, leading to confusion about their role.
25
What are the four identity statuses outlined by James Marcia?
Identity achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, and diffusion.
26
What is autonomy in adolescence?
The pursuit of independence while maintaining attachment to family.
27
How does attachment change during adolescence?
The nature of attachment to family changes as adolescents seek more independence.
28
What are some physical changes of adolescence in males?
Genital growth and sperm production: The testicles start producing sperm, and the genitals increase in size.
Pimples and skin changes: Due to the increase in sebum production triggered by testosterone, male adolescents may experience acne.
Increase in testosterone: This hormone triggers the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, including an increase in muscle mass and changes in voice.
Growth spurts: Males experience rapid height growth during puberty.
29
What are some physical changes of adolescence in females?
Body hair growth: Estrogen and testosterone both play a role in the development of body hair in females, including pubic and armpit hair.
Fat distribution changes: Estrogen promotes fat distribution around the hips, buttocks, and thighs, contributing to the female body shape.
Skin changes: Like males, females also produce more sebum during puberty, which can lead to acne.
Menstruation (first period): Females begin their menstrual cycles, signifying the start of their ability to reproduce.
30
What role does testosterone play during puberty in males?
Testosterone in males triggers muscle growth, the deepening of the voice, and the production of sperm, as well as the development of acne.
## Footnote
Darren's experience with pimples and reflex erections are both influenced by the increase in testosterone levels.
31
What role does estrogen play during puberty in females?
Estrogen in females leads to the development of breasts, wider hips, and body hair. This hormone also regulates the menstrual cycle.
## Footnote
Natalie’s experience with the growth of her breasts and the emergence of curves on her hips and buttocks is driven by estrogen.
32
What are gonadotropins and their role in puberty?
Gonadotropins, which are released from the brain, play a central role in the menstrual cycle by stimulating the ovaries to produce an egg.
## Footnote
In the video, a shortage of these hormones causes Natalie's first period, even though her eggs aren’t fully matured yet.
33
What challenging situations do characters face during puberty?
Physical awkwardness: Both Darren and Natalie experience moments of awkwardness due to their rapidly changing bodies.
Body changes and self-image: Both struggle with the physical changes that come with puberty, leading to embarrassment and self-consciousness.
Sexual maturity and confusion: Both characters are biologically capable of reproduction but are not fully prepared for its emotional and social implications.
34
What are some major differences faced by males and females during puberty?
Physical Development: Males experience significant muscle growth and rapid height increases, while females develop curves, including breasts and wider hips.
Sexual Maturity and Reproductive System Development: Darren begins sperm production, while Natalie undergoes egg maturation, marked by her first period.
Hormonal Differences: Males experience a testosterone surge, while females experience estrogen-driven changes.
35
How should adults aim to improve adolescent health?
Educate, model healthy behaviors, provide supportive environments, and offer access to healthy food, exercise opportunities, and sleep schedules.
## Footnote
Promote healthy eating habits, encourage physical activity, and create a safe environment for emotional and mental well-being.
36
What are the long-term benefits of establishing a healthy lifestyle?
Reduced risk of chronic diseases, improved mental health, better physical fitness and cognitive function, longer life expectancy and improved quality of life.
37
Describe the typical American diet.
High in processed foods, refined sugars, unhealthy fats, and sodium; low in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains; excessive consumption of sugary drinks and fast food.
38
What foods are teens not eating?
Fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
39
What is the amount of fat in the typical American diet?
Excessive saturated fats and trans fats; high levels of fast food and processed snacks.
40
What is the amount of exercise among adolescents?
Lack of physical activity, with only about 1 in 3 getting the recommended 60 minutes of exercise per day.
41
What are the leading causes of death in adolescents?
Unintentional injuries, suicide and homicide, chronic diseases.
42
What is the recommended sleep for adolescents?
8-10 hours per night.
43
What is the average sleep adolescents get?
6-7 hours, far below the recommended amount.
44
What are the risks when not getting enough sleep?
Increased risk for obesity, depression, anxiety, and lower academic performance; impaired decision-making and reaction time; higher risk of substance use and abuse.
45
Why do adolescents not get enough sleep?
Social pressure, biological changes, and hormonal shifts.
46
What are the sleep patterns of younger versus older adolescents?
Younger adolescents tend to have a more consistent sleep schedule; older adolescents have more irregular sleep patterns due to late-night activities.
47
What is the impact of not getting enough sleep?
Increased risk for accidents, poor mental and physical health outcomes, lower academic achievement.
48
Who is Mary Carskadon?
A leading researcher on adolescent sleep patterns, showing that adolescents have a natural tendency to stay up later and wake up later.
49
How much sleep will teens get if given a chance?
Teens will often sleep up to 10 hours if they can avoid external factors such as early school times.
50
What is the shift in the biological clock during adolescence?
The circadian rhythm shifts, making it harder for teens to fall asleep early.
51
What are the advocates for school starting times?
Advocates for later school start times to better align with adolescents' sleep patterns.
52
What are the trends in adolescent births?
Decline in adolescent pregnancies over recent decades, although still a significant concern.
53
What factors can protect against teen pregnancy?
Education on contraception, access to family planning services, supportive family environment, peer and community programs.
54
What factors lead to an increased risk of adolescent pregnancy?
Lack of access to contraception, early sexual activity, low socioeconomic status, family history of teen pregnancy.
55
What are the consequences of adolescent pregnancy?
Health risks for both mother and baby, social and economic consequences such as lower educational attainment and higher rates of poverty.
56
What are the trends in adolescent drug use as of 2010?
Decline in drug use in the early 2000s, but increased use of certain substances like marijuana and prescription drugs for non-medical reasons.
57
What are the trends in alcohol use among adolescents?
Declining alcohol use over the past two decades due to greater awareness of alcohol-related harm.
58
What roles do parents, peers, and education play in preventing substance use?
Parents model behaviors and set expectations; peers can influence initiation and prevention; education provides coping strategies.
59
What are the latest results on adolescent drug use?
Drug use among adolescents has remained below pre-pandemic levels in 2023, with increased use of vaping and marijuana.
60
What is the dramatic rise in overdose deaths among teens between 2010-2021?
Significant rise in overdose deaths, particularly from opioids and fentanyl, due to increased availability of drugs.
61
What information is there about vaping, cannabis, and delta 8?
Vaping is rising among teens, cannabis use has increased, and delta-8 THC is gaining popularity due to its legal status.
62
What are the risk factors for an eating disorder?
Genetic predisposition, family dynamics, cultural pressure, and psychological factors.
63
Describe anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder.
Anorexia nervosa: Severe restriction of food intake; Bulimia nervosa: Binge eating followed by purging; Binge eating disorder: Overeating without purging.
64
What are the health consequences of anorexia?
Severe malnutrition, organ failure, osteoporosis, heart issues.
65
What are the health consequences of bulimia?
Electrolyte imbalances, tooth decay, gastrointestinal issues, mental health decline.
66
What are the treatments for eating disorders?
Psychotherapy, nutritional counseling, and medications such as antidepressants.
67
What is the Maudsley Approach?
A family-based treatment that helps adolescents re-establish healthy eating habits by involving the family in the recovery process.
68
Self-Esteem (Harter, 2006)
In addition to the academic, social, appearance, and physical/athletic dimensions of self-esteem in middle and late childhood, teens also add perceptions of their competency in romantic relationships, on the job, and in close friendships (Harter, 2006)
69
How does Self-Esteem Rise?
From mid to late adolescence for most teenagers
70
Identity Vs. Role Confusion
Erikson saw this as a period of confusion and experimentation regarding identity and one’s life path
71
Identity versus identity confusion:
Teens often test roles, activities, and ideologies to reach identity achievement
72
Identity versus Identity Confusion (Rockwell)
Erikson encouraged Rockwell to allow his work to flow freely out of his unhappiness. In this instance, he succeeds offering a rare glimpse of his melancholy side.
73
Psychosocial moratorium (3)
1. Gap between childhood security security and adult autonomy
2. Adolescents experiment with different roles and personalities
3. Adolescents who do not successfully resolve the identity crisis suffer identity confusion
74
Adolescent Egocentrism (2)
1. The feeling of personal uniqueness often experienced in adolescence
2. The conviction that one is special and is or should be the constant focus of others’ attention
75
Imaginary Audience (3)
1. he belief of an adolescent that others are constantly focusing attention on him or her, scrutinizing behaviors, appearance, and the like.
2. It is an early adolescent construct
3. Feels that he or she is continually the central topic of interest to a group of spectators when in fact this is not the case.
76
Personal Fable (3)
1. All experiences and feeling are unique to me
2. No one can understand what I go through
3. Nothing bad will happen to me, accidents only happen to others
77
James Marcia
Created the four statuses of Identity
Defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives
78
The Four Statuses of Identity
Identity Moratorium, Identity Diffusion, Identity Foreclosure, Identity Achievement
79
Identity Moratorium
Status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined
80
Identity Diffusion
Status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments
Not only are they undecided about occupational and ideological choices, but they are also likely to show little interest in such matters
81
Identity Foreclosure
Status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis
This occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own.
82
Identity Achievement
Emerging adulthood and beyond: Key changes in identity are more likely to take place in emerging adulthood than in adolescence.
