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Psychology Reynolds > 2025 Final Exam Review > Flashcards

2025 Final Exam Review Flashcards

70 multiple choice with one written essay.

1
Q

Lifespan

A

The maximum number of years a human can live.

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2
Q

Life Expectancy:

A

The average number of years a person is expected to live.

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3
Q

Traditional Approach

A

Emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, little change in adulthood, and decline in old age.

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4
Q

Lifespan Approach

A

Views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual.

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5
Q

Laura Carstensen

A

Proposed Socioemotional Selectivity Theory—older adults prioritize emotionally meaningful goals.

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6
Q

Trends in Aging in America

A

Growing aging population, longer life expectancy, increased healthcare needs.

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7
Q

Four Types of Aging:

A

Chronological: Age in years.
Biological: Physical health and functioning.
Psychological: Mental functioning, adaptability.
Social: Roles and relationships in society.

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8
Q

Paul Baltes’ Theory of Aging

A

Lifespan development is lifelong, multidirectional, and involves gains and losses.

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9
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory:

A

Behavior is driven by unconscious desires; stages include oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

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10
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

A

8 stages across life; each with a conflict (e.g., identity vs. role confusion).

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11
Q

Piaget’s Theory:

A

Cognitive development in stages—sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal.

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12
Q

Vygotsky’s Theory

A

Learning through social interaction; concepts include ZPD and scaffolding.

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13
Q

Susceptibility

A

Degree to which individuals are sensitive to environmental influences.

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14
Q

Neurogenesis:

A

Formation of new neurons in the brain.

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15
Q

Neural Migration

A

Neurons move to their proper locations during prenatal development.

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16
Q

Teratogens

A

Harmful agents that affect prenatal development (e.g., drugs, alcohol).

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17
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS):

A

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in babies born to mothers who drank heavily during pregnancy.

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18
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

Formation of synapses between neurons.

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19
Q

Exuberance

A

Rapid increase in synapse formation.

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20
Q

Blooming and Pruning

A

Growth and elimination of neural connections to increase efficiency.

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21
Q

Neuroconstructivist View

A

Brain development is shaped by genetics and experience

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22
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

Inability to remember events from early childhood (before age 3)

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23
Q

SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)

A

Unexplained death of a healthy infant during sleep.

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24
Q

Shaken Baby Syndrome

A

Brain injury caused by violently shaking an infant.

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25
Schema (piaget)
Mental framework to organize information.
26
Adaptation
Adjusting to new information.
27
Assimilation:
Fitting new info into existing schemas
28
Accommodation
Changing schemas to fit new info.
29
Sensorimotor Stage
(0–2 years) Learn through senses; object permanence develops.
30
Object Permanence
Understanding objects still exist when out of sight.
31
Temperament
An individual’s typical mood, activity, and emotional reactivity.
32
Chess and Thomas
Identified 3 types of temperament—easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up.
33
Goodness of Fit
Match between child’s temperament and environment/parenting style.
34
Attachment:
Emotional bond between child and caregiver.
35
Harry Harlow
Monkey study—comfort more important than food.
36
John Bowlby
Attachment is biologically programmed for survival.
37
Mary Ainsworth
“Strange Situation” test revealed attachment styles. With children about parents leaving, then coming back.
38
Internal Working Model:
Mental blueprint of how relationships work.
39
Four Characteristics of Attachment
Proximity seeking, separation distress, safe haven, secure base.
40
Strange Situation
Lab procedure observing infant reactions to caregiver’s return/leaving.
41
Types of Attachment
Secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant, disorganized.
42
Hazan and Shaver:
Applied attachment theory to adult romantic relationships.
43
Brain Growth in Early Childhood
Rapid development; especially in prefrontal cortex and corpus callosum.
44
Corpus Callosum:
Connects brain hemispheres; coordinates thinking.
45
Left Hemisphere:
Language, logic, math, and analysis.
46
Piaget: Preoperational Stage:
2–7 years) Symbolic thought but limited logic.
47
Egocentrism
inability to see others’ perspectives.
48
Three Mountain Task:
Tests egocentrism; kids describe only their view, preformed with dolls on different mountains
49
Centration
Focus on one aspect of a situation.
50
Conservation:
Understanding quantity stays the same despite appearance change.
51
Vygotsky’s Theory:
Emphasizes culture and social interaction in learning.
52
ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development)
What a child can do with help from an older person/more smart.
53
MKO (More Knowledgeable Other)
Person guiding learning.
54
Scaffolding:
Temporary support adjusted to learner’s needs.
55
Private Speech
Talking to oneself to guide behavior.
56
Emotion Coaching
Parents teach kids to recognize and manage feelings.
57
Emotion Dismissing
Parents minimize or ignore emotions.
58
Gender Role:
Social expectations for male/female behavior.
59
Gender Identity
One’s personal sense of being male, female, both, or neither.
60
Gender Schema:
Mental framework for gender-related behavior.
61
Diana Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
Authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, neglectful.
62
Play (Freud, Piaget, Vygotsky)
Essential for development; helps express feelings, learn rules, and practice social roles.
63
Childhood Obesity:
Excess body weight; linked to health risks and psychological effects.
64
Executive Function
Higher-order thinking like planning, inhibition, and focus.
65
Working Memory:
Holding and manipulating information in mind.
66
Concrete Operational Stage:
7–11 yrs) Logical thinking, understands conservation and reversibility.
67
Self-Esteem
One’s overall sense of self-worth.
68
Self-Concept:
Beliefs about who you are (traits, roles).
69
Self-Efficacy:
Belief in your ability to succeed.
70
Self-Regulation:
Ability to control thoughts, emotions, behaviors.
71
Coie and Dodge Sociometric Status:
Peer ratings of likeability (popular, rejected, neglected, controversial, average).
72
Lawrence Kohlberg:
Created theory of moral development (preconventional, conventional, postconventional).
73
Puberty:
Biological process of sexual maturation
74
Hormones
Chemicals like estrogen/testosterone that trigger body changes.
75
Menarche
First menstrual period.
76
Early vs. Late Maturing
Timing affects social and emotional development.
77
Body Image
One’s perception of their body.
78
Cultural Ideal Hypothesis
Pressure to match an ideal body causes dissatisfaction.
79
Teen Brain
Still developing; PFC lags behind amygdala.
80
Corpus Callosum (teens)
Strengthens—improves thinking speed.
81
Amygdala
Emotion center—matures earlier.
82
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
Judgment and control—matures late.
83
Jay Giedd & Jill Bolte Taylor
Studied teen brain development.
84
Cognitive Control in Adolescence:
Managing attention, behavior, and emotions.
85
Leading Causes of Death in Adolescence:
Accidents, homicide, suicide.
86
Mary Carskadon
Studied teen sleep; teens need ~9 hours, but go to bed later.
87
Eating Disorders:
Unhealthy eating behaviors—includes anorexia and bulimia.
88
David Elkind
Identified adolescent egocentrism.
89
Imaginary Audience:
Belief that others are always watching/judging.
90
Personal Fable:
Belief in one's uniqueness and invincibility.
91
Erikson: Identity vs. Identity Confusion
Teens explore who they are.
92
Psychosocial Moratorium:
Gap period for exploring identity.
93
James Marcia’s Theory:
Four identity statuses—achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, diffusion.
94

Psychology Reynolds (6 decks)

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