Chapter 1 (200)

Question 1

What are normative age-graded influences?

Answer 1

Specific age groups share particular experiences and developmental changes

Question 2

What are normative history-graded influences?

Answer 2

The time period of birth shapes experiences

Question 3

What are non-normative life influences?

Answer 3

Unique experiences that shape development despite shared age and history

Question 4

What is the difference between lifespan and life expectancy?

Answer 4

Lifespan refers to the maximum time a species can exist; life expectancy is the predicted years a person can expect to live

Question 5

Define chronological age

Answer 5

The number of years that have passed since a person’s birth(number)

Question 6

Define biological age

Answer 6

How quickly the body is aging

Question 7

Define psychological age

Answer 7

a person’s perception of their own age

Question 8

What is Freud’s view of development?

Answer 8

Early childhood experiences shape personality and behavior by social norms

Question 9

What is Erik Erikson’s view of development?

Answer 9

Development occurs in eight stages marked by crises

Question 10

What is Jean Piaget’s view of development?

Answer 10

Children’s cognitive development evolves through four stages

Question 11

Define genetic disorders

Answer 11

abnormalities in genes

Question 12

What is sickle-cell disease?

Answer 12

genetic disorder affecting red blood cells, the cells die early & block flow

Question 13

Define sex-linked disorders

Answer 13

X or y chromosome, affecting males more

Question 14

What is fragile X syndrome?

Answer 14

A condition caused by an abnormality in the X chromosome

Question 15

Define chromosomal abnormality

Answer 15

Occurs when a child inherits too many or too few chromosomes, often linked to maternal age

Question 16

Describe the Germinal Period

Answer 16

14 days from conception to implantation, zygote is formed

Question 17

Describe the Embryonic Period

Answer 17

third week with the formation of an embryo

Question 18

Describe the Fetal Period

Answer 18

ninth week to birth, major structures continue developing

Question 19

Define stem cells

Answer 19

forming all brain cells during prenatal brain development

Question 20

Define neural migration

Answer 20

neurons move to final positions in brain, by 24 weeks

Question 21

What is teratology?

Answer 21

The study of factors that contribute to birth defects

Question 22

What is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)?

Answer 22

effects by alcohol consumption during pregnancy, (FAS) being the most severe form

Question 23

What is neonatal abstinence syndrome?

Answer 23

Withdrawal symptoms in a baby whose mother used addictive drugs during pregnancy

Question 24

Constructivism

Answer 24

Children actively build knowledge through experiences. Experimenting their environment

Question 25

Equilibrium

Answer 25

A balance between assimilation and accommodation. For optimal learning

Question 26

Schemas

Answer 26

Mental Frameworks that help organize and interpret information. Interact with their environment evolve.

Question 27

Pioneering work

Answer 27

Piaget's research revolutionized understanding of how children think and learn

Question 28

Developmental Stages

Answer 28

Cognitive development occurs in stages, each building on the previous

Question 29

Assimilation

Answer 29

incorporating new information (calling dog cat because of fur)

Question 30

Accommodation

Answer 30

Changing existing schemas to fit new information (saying dog after it is different than cat)

Question 31

Sensorimotor stage (Birth to 2)

Answer 31

Infants learn through sensory experiences & motor actions & object permeance

Question 32

Object permeance

Answer 32

Understanding that objects continue to exist when they are not seen

Question 33

Overemphasis

Answer 33

Some argue that cognitive development is more fluid, not strictly stage-based

Question 34

Underestimating

Answer 34

Some research shows that children may be capable of more advanced thinking at earlier stages.

Question 35

Neurogenesis

Answer 35

Generation of new neurons

Question 36

Exuberance

Answer 36

By age 2 a single neuron might have thousands of dendrites

Question 37

Synaptogenesis

Answer 37

Formation of synapses between neurons in nervous system

Question 38

Synaptic blooming

Answer 38

Period of neural growth

Question 39

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Answer 39

When infant stops beathing, Just dies

Question 40

Baillargeon

Answer 40

Young children can understand objects and how they work.

Question 41

Temperament

Answer 41

Differences in emotions and characteristics

Question 42

Easy Child

Answer 42

Positive, regular routines and adapts

Question 43

Difficult Child

Answer 43

Negative, cries, no routine, and slowly accepts change

Question 44

Slow-to-warm-up child

Answer 44

low activity, somewhat negative, low intensity of mood.

Question 45

Inhibited children

Answer 45

Avoidance, distress, and subdued effect

Question 46

Trust vs mistrust

Answer 46

Learn trust when they are cared for in a consistent manner. Mistrust and insecurity

Question 47

Harry Harlow

Answer 47

Did experiment on baby monkey and fake mom. Lead to emotional distress

Question 48

John Bowlby

Answer 48

Predisposed to form attachments. Elicit attachment.

Question 49

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 49

Strange Situation for child. Becomes unhappy when mother leaves.

Question 50

Vocab Spurt

Answer 50

18-24 months. Increase in understanding words

Question 51

Telegraphic speech

Answer 51

Use of short and Precise words

Question 52

Child directed Speech

Answer 52

Higher Pitch & uses simpler words

Question 53

Strategies to enhance acquisition in children

Answer 53

Recasting, Expanding, and Labeling

Question 54

Noam Chomsky Proposes

Answer 54

Biological endowment enables children to detect features and rules of language.

Question 55

Interactionist View

Answer 55

Children learn language in specific contexts; experiences influence language acquisition

Question 56

Work of Patricia Kuhl

Answer 56

Demonstrated how early exposure to language can alter the brain. Social interaction is crucial for language learning.

Question 57

Secure

Answer 57

Explores freely, uses caregiver as base

Question 58

Insecure Ambivalent

Answer 58

Inconsistent caregiving, anxious and clings

Question 59

Insecure avoidant

Answer 59

Distant caregiving, avoids caregiver

Question 60

Insecure Disorganized/disoriented

Answer 60

Abusive Caregiving, shows inconsistent behavior.

Question 61

Reactive Attachment Disorder

Answer 61

Severe neglect in caregiving, shows less response. Rare, less than 10% of children