Chapter 8 Flashcards
Define memory.
Set of processors used to encode, store, and retrieve information over
different periods of time
Define encoding
Input of information into the memory system
Contrast automatic and effortful processing.
Recall information quite easily, so time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, is automatic. Effortful requires a lot of work and
attention on your part in order to encode that information
Describe semantic, visual, and acoustic encoding.
Semantic: encoding of words and their meaning. Visual encoding of images. Acoustic is the encoding of wounds, words in
particular.
Atkinson and Shiffrin Model:
Based on the belief that we process memories in the same way that a computer processes information
Baddeley and Hitch Model
Working memory model in which short-term memory
has different forms. Storing memories in short-term memory is like opening different files on a computer and adding information. Holds a limited amount of information
Sensory Memory:
Storage of brief sensory events, sights, sounds, and tastes. Very
brief storage: a couple of seconds
STM
Short-term memory is a temporary storage that processes incoming sensory memory
Rehearsal:
Moves information from short-term memory to long-term memory
George Miller
Reviewed most of the research on the capacity of short-term memory
and found that people can retain between 5 & 9 items, so the capacity of short-term memory was a magic number 7 plus or minus 2
LTM
Long term memory the continuous storage of information. Storage capacity is believed to be unlimited
Semantic Networks
Consists of concepts and you may recall what you’ve learned
about memory, concepts are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories
Episodic Memory
Information about events we have personally experienced. Like
the memory of your last birthday
Semantic Memory
Knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
Procedural Memory
Studied using observable behaviors, stores information about
the way to do something
Define retrieval
the act of getting information out of
memory storage and back into conscious awareness
recall
what we most often think about
when we talk about memory
recognition
When you identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again.
Describe the work of Karl Lashley and define Engram
Made lesions in the brains of animals. To find if memories are stored in just one part of the brain.
Tried to erase the engram, or the original memory trace that the rats had of the maze.
Define equipotentiality hypothesis
Part of one area of the brain involved in memory is
damaged; another part of the same area can take over the memory function.
Describe the role of the amygdala
Main job is to regulate emotions, like fear or aggression.
Storage is influenced by stress hormones.
Describe the roles of the hippocampus
involved in memory, specifically normal recognition memory as well as spatial memory
cerebellum
creates implicit memories.
prefrontal cortex
has more activation in the left
inferior in the semantic task. Retrieval of information was associated with the right frontal
region
