Chapter 15

Question 1

obsessive compulsive disorder

Answer 1

are a group of overlapping disorders that generally involve intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

Question 2

Obsessive compulsive disorder related disorders

Answer 2

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder.

Question 3

OCD. Define obsessions and list common ones

Answer 3

experience thoughts, mental images, fears, sensations, and/or urges that are intrusive and unwanted (obsessions) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions).

Question 4

Define body dysmorphic disorder.

Answer 4

perceived flaw in physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people.

Question 5

Define hoarding disorder

Answer 5

cannot bear to part with personal possessions, regardless of how valueless or useless these possessions are.

Question 6

Describe the causes of OCD.

Answer 6

Frontal Cortex damage, neurotransmitters: serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate

Question 7

Define PTSD

Answer 7

DSM category, and post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 8

What are the requirements of being diagnosed with PTSD?

Answer 8

they must be exposed to, witness, or experience the details of a traumatic experience

Question 9

What factors increase the probability of PTSD?

Answer 9

trauma experience, greater trauma severity, lack of immediate social support, and more subsequent life stress

Question 10

What role does learning play in PTSD?

Answer 10

Some symptoms are developed and maintained through classical conditioning.

Question 11

Define mood disorders

Answer 11

strong genetic and biological basis.

Question 12

Define depressive disorder

Answer 12

are a group of disorders in which depression is the main feature

Question 13

Bipolar and related disorders & Mania

Answer 13

are a group of disorders in which mania is the defining feature. Mania is a state of extreme elation and agitation.

Question 14

Explain major depressive disorder. What is necessary to achieve a diagnosis?

Answer 14

“depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day” and loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities episodic: a person must, for at least two weeks, have a depressed mood and/or a loss of interest or pleasure in most activities.

Question 15

What is meant by episodic?

Answer 15

Its symptoms are typically present at their full magnitude for a certain period of time and then gradually abate.

Question 16

What are the results and risk factors for depression?

Answer 16

is a serious and incapacitating condition that can have a devastating effect on the quality of one’s life disorders. 6.6% of the U.S. population experiences major depressive disorder each year

Question 17

List and define the subtypes of depression

Answer 17

seasonal pattern: major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year. peripartum onset: childbearers who experience major depression during pregnancy. Persistent depressive disorder: nearly every day for at least two years.

Question 18

Define bipolar disorder

Answer 18

experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania, alternate from one emotional extreme to the other.

Question 19

Manic episodes

Answer 19

period of abnormally and irritable mood and increased activity or energy lasting at least one week

Question 20

flight of ideas

Answer 20

abruptly switching from one topic to another.

Question 21

Risk Factors of bipolar disorder

Answer 21

1 out of every 167 people meets the criteria for bipolar disorder each year, and 1 out of 100 meet the criteria within their lifetime

Question 22

Biological basis of mood and bipolar disorders.

Answer 22

often have imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, particularly norepinephrine and serotonin.

Question 23

Diathesis stress model

Answer 23

explains mental disorders as a result of the interaction between a person’s predisposition and environmental stressors

Question 24

Exit events

Answer 24

likely to trigger depression if these happenings occur in a way that humiliates or devalues the individual.

Question 25

Work of Caspi

Answer 25

suggests that an alteration in a specific gene that regulates serotonin (the 5-HTTLPR gene) might be one culprit

Question 26

Describe the cognitive theories.

Answer 26

idea that our thoughts, beliefs, and internal mental processes significantly influence our emotions and behaviors

Question 27

work of Baeck

Answer 27

theorized that depression-prone people possess depressive schemas, or mental predispositions to think about most things in a negative way

Question 28

hopelessness theory

Answer 28

that a particular style of negative thinking leads to a sense of hopelessness, which then leads to depression

Question 29

Rumination

Answer 29

repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwelling on depressed symptoms,

Question 30

Discuss suicide and risk factors

Answer 30

death caused by self-directed injurious behavior with any intent to die as the result of the behavior” 16% in a year

Question 31

Define Psychopathology and etiology

Answer 31

is the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology is the cause

Question 32

conceptualizing psychological disorders

Answer 32

label behaviors, thoughts, and inner experiences that are atypical, distressful, dysfunctional, and sometimes even dangerous, as signs of a disorder.

Question 33

atypical behavior

Answer 33

felt extremely depressed so much that you lost interest in activities, had difficulty eating or sleeping

Question 34

Wakefield’s 1992 definition of psychological disorder

Answer 34

Harmful disfunction, have important functions, enabling us to experience the world the way others do and to engage in multiple ways.

Question 35

Summarize the APA definition

Answer 35

The disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction.

Question 36

Define diagnosis

Answer 36

that is, appropriately identifying and labeling a set of defined symptoms

Question 37

Purpose of the DSM 5

Answer 37

classified psychological disorders according to a format developed by the U.S.

Question 38

Comorbidity

Answer 38

When a patient has more than one mental disorder in addition to their primary diagnosis

Question 39

Evolution of the DSM and the criticisms of the DSM 5

Answer 39

he first two editions of the DSM, for example, listed homosexuality as a disorder; however, in 1973, the APA voted to remove it from the manual

Question 40

Supernatural perspective

Answer 40

Those afflicted were thought to be practitioners of black magic or possessed by spirits

Question 41

Biological perspective

Answer 41

views psychological disorders as linked to biological phenomena, such as genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities

Question 42

Genetic component

Answer 42

shows heritability estimates for schizophrenia.

Question 43

Diathesis-stress model

Answer 43

integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder.

Question 44

What is the difference between fear and anxiety?

Answer 44

Fear is an instant reaction to a threat, anxiety involves cautiousness to danger, or threats.

Question 45

Define anxiety disorder

Answer 45

excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior

Question 46

specific phobia

Answer 46

experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation

Question 47

Agoraphobia

Answer 47

intense fear of being in places where escape might be difficult or help may not be available

Question 48

Rachman proposed that phobias can be acquired (3 ways)

Answer 48

classical conditioning, vicarious conditioning, informational transmission

Question 49

Social anxiety disorder

Answer 49

extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others

Question 50

safety behaviors

Answer 50

mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes

Question 50

Possible causes of panic disorder

Answer 50

Not sure however family and twins studies indicate that the heritability of panic disorder is around 43%

Question 50

panic disorder and panic attack

Answer 50

recurrent and unexpected panic attacks. panic attacks, is defined as a period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly and reaches a peak within 10 minutes.

Question 50

self-medication

Answer 50

drinking alcohol, as a means to avert the anxiety symptoms they experience in social situations

Question 51

Generalized anxiety disorders

Answer 51

state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension. Worry about everyday things.