Unit 3 Pathophysiology - Chapter 33 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function Flashcards
Varicosities and cause of them?
Area of veins in which blood has pooled (saphenous veins mainly, drain blood out of leg to heart)
* damaged as a result of trauma to valves
* or by chronic venous distention d/t gravity
+ venous constriction
Chronic venous insufficiency
inadequate venous return causes change in vasculature, skin, and supporting tissues
Superior vena cava syndrome
results from compression of SVC by tumors
DVT caused by
- venous stasis (immobility, age, left heart failure)
- spinal cord injury
- venous wall damage (trauma, IV meds)
- hypercoagulabe states (pregnancy, oral contraceptives, malignancy, genetic coagulopathies)
DVT symptoms
Often asymptomatic
may l/t
* fatal pulmonary emboli
Hypertension can be ___?
Primary w/ no known cause or secondary d/t disease or drugs
Risk factors for HTN?
- positive family hx
- male gender
- advanged age
- black race
- elevated Na+ intake
- low K+, Ca++, and Mg + intake
- DM
- ciagrette smoking
- Etoh use
Cause of primary HTN?
- genetic and environmental interaction
- such as diet, smoking, age, and others
Theories for pathogenesis of primary HTN
- overactive SNS
- overactive of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- altered neurohumoral mediators of blood volume + vasomotor tone (ANP, BNP, adrenomedullin)
- inflammation consisting of insulin resistance + endothelial fx
- obesity-related hormonal changes
Clinical manifestations of HTN
heart disease, renal disease, CNS problems, retinal changes
Orthostatic hypotension
drop in blood pressure that occurs on standing; compensatory vasoconstriction reponse d/t standing is altered by marked vasodilation and blood pooling in muscle vasculature
Primary form d/t neurologic changes that affect autonomic reflexes that control blood pressure upon standing
Orthostatic hypotension clinical manifestations
- fainting
- possible falls or injury
Aneurysm
localized dilation of vessel to which aorta is susceptible, including brain
Thrombus
clot that remains attached to a vascular wall
Embolus
mobile aggregate of a variety of substances that occlude vasculature, which may include
* thrombi
* air
* amniotic fluid, bacteria
* fat
* foreign matter
Common sources of aterial thrombotic emboli from heart?
Mitral and aortic valvular disease
atrial fibrilllation
Include lower extremities, brain, and heart
Generation of air emboli
Requires connection between vascular compartment and source of air causing ischemia and necrosis when vessel completely blocked
Amniotic fluid as an embolus?
Yes, can be forced into bloodstream generating embolus during labor or delivery
Aggregates of bacteria as an embolus?
Yes, group of them in vasculature is large enough to form one
What happens when theire is trauma to the long bones?
Fat emboli can appear d/t defective fat metabolism after trauma or release of fat globules from bone marrow exposed by a fracture
Foreign matters occur how?
In a hospital setting in which intravenous and intraarterial lines are being used!
Vasospatic diosrders
- Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease) — small blood vessels that become inflamed and swollen. Then thrombosis happens => hands and feets (especially arteries susceptible)
- Raynaud disease — fingers + toes + ears + tip of nose => feel numb and cold in response to cold temperatures or stress (constrict excessively limiting blood supply = vasospasm)
narrowing of the arteries caused by a persistent contraction of the blood vessels, which is known as vasoconstriction. This narrowing can reduce blood flow.
