Chapter 7 anti infective agent - antituberculosis drugs

Question 1

isoniazid

Answer 1

• inhibits myocolic acid synthesis of wall of mycobacterium tuberculosis
• bactericidal

effects
* peripheral neuropathies (prevent by pretreating w/ pyroxidine [utilization of energy in the foods you eat, production of red blood cells, and proper functioning of nerves])
* hepatitis
* hepatotoxicity

Question 2

rifampin
rifapentine

Answer 2

• blocks beta unit of bacetrial RNA polymerase
• stops bacterial RNA synthesis
• bactercidal

effects:
* secretions turn red (urine, sweat)
* hepatitis (particularly in alcoholics)
* flu symptoms

Fever
Aching muscles
Chills and sweats
Headache
Dry, persistent cough
Shortness of breath
Tiredness and weakness
Runny or stuffy nose
Sore throat
Eye pain
Vomiting and diarrhea, but this is more common in children than adults

• inc metabolism of oral contraceptives and other drugs

widely distributed + penetrates CNS

Question 3

rifabutin

Answer 3

• synthetic rifajmycin with improved activity against rifampin resistant strains of M. avium

effects:
* secretions turn red (urine, sweat)
* hepatitis (particularly in alcoholics)
* flu symptoms

Fever
Aching muscles
Chills and sweats
Headache
Dry, persistent cough
Shortness of breath
Tiredness and weakness
Runny or stuffy nose
Sore throat
Eye pain
Vomiting and diarrhea, but this is more common in children than adults

• inc metabolism of oral contraceptives and other drugs

long duration of action

Question 4

streptomycin
kanamycin
capreomycin

Answer 4

• inhibits protein syntehsis by bding 30s/50s ribosome site
• bactericidal

effects
* vestibular toxicity (typically include imbalance and visual symptoms.) > nephrotoxicity
* rapid resistance via mutation of ribosomal binding site

poor intracellular penetration

Question 5

para-aminosalicylic acid

Answer 5

• structurally related to sulfonamides
• inhibits folate synthesis
• bacteriostatic

effects
* mono-like sx (The virus that causes mono (Epstein-Barr virus) is spread through saliva. You can get it through kissing, but you can also be exposed by sharing a glass or food utensils with someone who has mono. However, mononucleosis isn’t as contagious as some infections, such as the common cold.)

Fatigue
Sore throat, perhaps misdiagnosed as strep throat, that doesn't get better after treatment with antibiotics
Fever
Swollen lymph nodes in your neck and armpits
Swollen tonsils
Headache
Skin rash
Soft, swollen spleen

• GI intolerance
• hypersen l/t poor compliance

Question 6

ethambutol

Answer 6

• inhibits mycolic acid synthesis in bacterial cell wall (mechanism not confirmed)
• bacteriostatic

effects
* reversible retrobulbar neuritis (inflammation of optic nerve)
* patients must have baseline opathlmologic exam prior to tx
////
* concentrated in tubercles (tubercle is a small rounded point of a bone)

Question 7

cycloserine (seromycin)

Answer 7

• d-alanine analog that inbhits cell synthesis
• bacteriostatic

effects
* allerg dermatitis
* CNS toxicity

Question 8

Ethionamide (trefactor)

Answer 8

• inhibits peptide synthesis

effect
* depression
* seizures
* neuropathy

Question 9

Quinolones

Answer 9

bactericidal antibiotics that directly kill bacterial cells.