Unit 3, Part 2 Vocabulary Flashcards
Treasure language
References the desire of speakers to sustain the use of their mother tongue into the future.
Extinct/Dead language
A language that was once used by people in daily life activities but is no longer used.
Endangered language
A language that is not being taught by parents to their children and not being actively used in everyday matters.
Indigenous culture
A local culture that is no longer the dominant ethnic group within its traditional homeland due to migration, colonization, and marginalization.
Minority
Not in the majority (unpopular).
Centrifugal force
Something that can destabilize a nation or state.
Centripetal force
Something that unifies a nation or state.
Transcendence (Dominance)
The act of rising above something to a superior state.
Bilingualism
The ability to speak 2 languages fluently.
Toponyms
Place names.
Isogloss
A geographic boundary where a particular linguistic feature occurs; a language boundary.
Accent
A distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class; how it sounds.
Dialect
Local or regional characteristics of a language (has everything to do with how we speak).
Official language
In multilingual countries, a language selected often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion, usually the language of the courts and government.
Standard (Institutional) language
A common language (the language that an individual will hear in a country that is dominant).
Anatolia
A peninsula in Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey; term used to describe what is now known as Turkey.
Indo-Iranian
A branch of the Indo-European family of languages, including the Iranian and Indo-Aryan subgroups.
Multilingual state
Country in which more than one language is spoken.
Global trade
The exchange of goods or services between countries.
Historic migration
Movements of people that have changed the demographic, cultural, and political landscape of the world.
Global language
Language used most commonly around the world.
Colonialism
The act of forcefully controlling a foreign territory and making it a part of one’s own territory, known as a colony.
Lingua franca
The popular language. Elaboration: Lingua francas are languages or systems of communication that allow speakers of different languages to communicate or trade in a language that is comprehensible to both. The original term from “Frankish language” referred to a tongue spoken in ancient Mediterranean ports that consisted of a mixture of Italian, French, Greek, Spanish, and even some Arabic.
Creolization
When a converged language becomes a standard language.
Pidgin language
When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary.
Geographer
A person who studies geography, the science of maps and places.
Backward reconstruction
The tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants backward toward the original language.
Sound shift
Slight change in a word across languages within a sub-family or through a language family from the present backwards towards its origin.
Sedentary farmer thesis
The same land is farmed every year; established (not moving).- The theory that the first Proto-Indo-European speakers lived in Anatolia and diffused their language throughout Europe and South Asia along with their agricultural practices, as opposed to war and conquest. Learning to grow their own food instead of hunting allowed populations of the speakers to grow, which grew the language in the process.
Nomadic warrior thesis
The theory that the first Proto-Indo-European speakers were Kurgans, who conquered much of Europe and South Asia between 3500 and 2500 B.C., diffusing their language through war and conquest.
Indo-European
A group of languages that includes many of the languages spoken in Europe, in the parts of the world colonized by Europeans, and in parts of Asia.
Logograms
Languages that do not use a phonetic alphabet.
Ideograms
Communication through the use of pictures.
Language
Human communication in an auditory version, written language, and body language (sign or body gestures).
